Figure 1.
Grain size distribution of soils
Table 1.
Parameters of soils
| Type of material | Dry density ρd | Particle density ρs | Porosity n | Void ratio e | Saturation ratio Sr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [g·cm−3] | [g·cm−3] | [-] | [-] | [-] | |
| Soil 1 (clsaSi) | 1.800 | 2.668 | 0.325 | 0.482 | 0.454 |
| Soil 2 (saCl) | 1.809 | 2.679 | 0.325 | 0.481 | 0.501 |
| Soil 3 (siSa) | 1.789 | 2.650 | 0.325 | 0.481 | 0.704 |
| Soil 4 (saSi) | 1.797 | 2.661 | 0.325 | 0.481 | 0.811 |
Figure 2.
Test stand: a) general view, b) interior of the climate chamber, c) lower part of the container; 1 – climatic chamber, 2 – computer to record temperature measurements, 3 – refrigerated bath circulator, 4 – upper part of the container with samples, 5 – lower part of the container with water, 6 – coil of thermostatic circuit, 7 – temperature sensors
Figure 3.
Measuring stand: a) soil samples without forms, b) soil samples with sand fill, c) soil sample with temperature sensors
Figure 4.
Distribution of temperature on various levels, a) Soil 1 (clsaSi), b) Soil 2 (saCl), c) Soil 3 (siSa), d) Soil 4 (saSi)
Table 2.
Saturation ratios after the test
| Type of material | Saturation ratios Sr | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| before the test | after the test | ||
| frozen soil | unfrozen soil | ||
| Soil 1 | 0.454 | 1.121 | 0.663 |
| Soil 2 | 0.501 | 0.853 | 0.676 |
| Soil 3 | 0.704 | 0.711 | 0.559 |
| Soil 4 | 0.811 | 0.936 | 0.667 |
Figure 5.
Distribution of ice lenses in soil samples after freezing, a) soil 2 (saCl), b) soil 3 (siSa)
Figure 6.
Increase in the amount of frost heaving with time
Table 3.
The Pearson correlation coefficient r
| Type of material | Content of fractions | Height of frost heaving Wp | Pearson correlation coefficient r | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [%] | [mm] | [-] | ||
| Soil 2 (saCl) | Silt fraction | 19 | 21.5 | 0.54 |
| Soil 3 (siSa) | 30 | 1.6 | ||
| Soil 4 (saSi) | 50 | 4.7 | ||
| Soil 1 (clsaSi) | 65 | 48.8 | ||
| Soil 3 (siSa) | Silt and clay fraction | 30 | 1.6 | 0.83 |
| Soil 2 (saCl) | 40 | 21.5 | ||
| Soil 4 (saSi) | 50 | 4.7 | ||
| Soil 1 (clsaSi) | 70 | 48.8 | ||
Figure 7.
Estimation of the linear relationship between the amount of the frost heave and the weighted arithmetic mean content of the silt and clay fractions, when ω_c=1.76·ω_s
Figure 8.
Estimation of the linear relationship between the natural logarithm from the amount of the frost heave on the weighted arithmetic mean content of the clay and silt fractions
Table 1.
Estimation of the amount of the frost heave Wp[mm] for some values of content on the clay and silt fractions
| fs+fc [%] | fc[%] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | |
| 25 | 0.96 | 1.41 | 2.08 | 3.07 | 4.53 | 6.68 |
| 30 | 1.38 | 2.04 | 3.01 | 4.43 | 6.54 | 9.65 |
| 35 | 2.00 | 2.94 | 4.34 | 6.41 | 9.46 | 13.95 |
| 40 | 2.88 | 4.26 | 6.28 | 9.26 | 13.67 | 20.17 |
| 45 | 4.17 | 6.15 | 9.08 | 13.39 | 19.76 | 29.15 |
| 50 | 6.02 | 8.89 | 13.12 | 19.35 | 28.56 | 42.14 |
| 55 | 8.71 | 12.85 | 18.96 | 27.97 | 41.28 | 60.90 |
| 60 | 12.59 | 18.57 | 27.40 | 40.43 | 59.66 | 88.03 |
| 65 | 18.19 | 26.84 | 39.61 | 58.44 | 86.23 | 127.24 |
| 70 | 26.30 | 38.80 | 57.25 | 84.47 | 124.64 | 183.90 |
Figure 9.
The dependence of the exponential height of the frost heave on the weighted arithmetic mean content on the clay and silt fractions