Race to Carbon Neutrality. Prospects of Phasing Out Coal

Sigal, Oleksandr; Pavliuk, Nonna

doi:10.2478/acee-2023-0059

Figures & Tables

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal Combustion by Country [7, 8]

Parameter	CO₂ emissions from coal combustion							CO₂ emissions from
Parameter	country		Δ: country's - country's	country's / country's	country's / global			country's coal combustion / country's energy
Year	2019	2021	2021 / 2019		Δ / 2021	2019 / 2019	2021 / 2021	2019 / 2019	2021 / 2021
Country ↓ Unit →	Mt	Mt	Mt	%	%	%	%	%	%
Global	14 710.00	14 950.00	240.00	1.63	1.61			43.21	43.90
China	7 540.00	7 960.00	420.00	5.57	2.81	51.26	53.24	75.94	75.32
India	1 680.00	1 800.00	120.00	7.14	0.80	11.42	12.04	69.69	73.12
United States	1 070.00	1 000.00	−70.00	−6.54	−0.47	7.27	6.69	21.49	21.02
Japan	432.25	418.82	−13.43	−3.11	−0.09	2.94	2.80	38.57	39.27
South Africa	394.35	370.27	−24.08	−6.11	−0.16	2.68	2.48	83.18	84.40
Russian Federation	390.37	380.23	−10.14	−2.60	−0.07	2.65	2.54	25.04	24.00
South Korea	321.61	283.91	−37.70	−11.72	−0.25	2.19	1.90	50.62	47.08
Indonesia	315.40	303.15	−12.25	−3.88	−0.08	2.14	2.03	56.05	58.34
Germany	240.09	230.22	−9.87	−4.11	−0.07	1.63	1.54	35.30	35.82
Vietnam	191.44	196.52	5.08	2.65	0.03	1.30	1.31	65.76	71.96
Poland	177.94	179.50	1.56	0.88	0.01	1.21	1.20	58.96	57.92
Kazakhstan	176.15	180.82	4.67	2.65	0.03	1.20	1.21	79.89	83.25
Turkey	164.97	162.56	−2.41	−1.46	−0.02	1.12	1.09	42.66	39.40
Australia	164.47	150.96	−13.51	−8.21	−0.09	1.12	1.01	40.39	40.76
Taiwan	154.56	154.89	0.33	0.21	0.002	1.05	1.04	55.34	55.28
Ukraine	114.05	101.83	−12.22	−10.71	−0.08	0.78	0.68	61.48	60.72
16 Countries	13 527.65	13 873.68	346.03	2.56	2.31	91.96	92.80

China's Electricity Generation [8, 9, 36]

Parameter	2019	2021	2022	Jan–June 2023
Electricity Generation, TWh	7 503.4	8 534.3	8 848.7	4 168
Electricity generation by fuel, %
Coal	64.63	62.44	61.00	70.68
Oil	0.14	0.14	0.13
Gas	3.10	3.36	3.28
Nuclear energy	4.65	4.77	4.72	5.09
Hydroelectric	16.96	15.23	14.73	10.80
Renewables	9.89	13.46	15.45	13.55
Other	0.63	0.59	0.68	0.00

Coal Power Capacity in Development and Operating [22]

Country	Pre-construction	Construction	Shelved	Operating	Mothballed	Cancelled 2010–2022
World, GW	353.313	204.153	117.010	2 095.041	26 486	1 780.343
China, GW	255.463	136.237	50.930	1 108.908	2 045	601.762
Percent China	72%	67%	44%	53%	8%	34%

China CO2 emissions from fuel combustion [10]

CO₂, Mt	1990	2005	2019	2020	2021	2022
China	2 255	5 471	9 721	9 859	10 397	10 504

The time interval of China's annual coal consumption and other countries

Parameter	China's coal consumption compared to
Parameter	individual countries	the group of countries
Country	Year
India	4
United States	9
All countries in group 2		3
Japan	18
South Africa	27
Russian Federation	28
South Korea	31
Indonesia	20
Germany	38
Vietnam	43
Poland	49
Kazakhstan	51
Turkey	57
Australia	56
Taiwan	61
Ukraine	170
All countries in group 3		2
All countries in group 4		7

Primary Energy Consumption by Country [8]

Parameter	Primary Energy Consumption
Parameter	country			Δ: country's - country's	country's / country's	country's / global
Year	2019	2021	2022	2022 / 2019		Δ / 2022	2019 / 2019	2022/2022
Country ↓ Unit →	EJ	EJ	EJ	EJ	%	%	%	%
Global	587.39	597.41	604.04	16.65	2.83
China	144.74	157.94	159.39	14.65	10.12	2.43	24.64	26.39
India	33.52	34.51	36.44	2.92	8.71	0.48	5.71	6.03
United States	95.67	93.40	95.91	0.24	0.25	0.04	16.29	15.88
Countries in group 2	129.19	127.91	132.35	3.16	2.45	0.52	21.99	21.91
Japan	18.51	17.94	17.84	−0.67	−3.62	−0.11	3.15	2.95
South Africa	5.33	5.00	4.82	−0.51	−9.57	−0.08	0.91	0.80
Russian Federation	30.16	31.48	28.89	−1.27	−4.21	−0.21	5.13	4.78
South Korea	12.48	12.56	12.71	0.23	1.84	0.04	2.12	2.10
Indonesia	8.22	7.76	9.77	1.55	18.86	0.26	1.40	1.62
Germany	13.31	12.78	12.30	−1.01	−7.59	−0.17	2.27	2.04
Vietnam	4.34	4.34	4.59	0.25	5.76	0.04	0.74	0.76
Poland	4.27	4.41	4.31	0.04	0.94	0.01	0.73	0.71
Kazakhstan	2.93	2.93	3.12	0.19	6.48	0.03	0.50	0.52
Turkey	6.60	6.96	7.01	0.41	6.21	0.07	1.12	1.16
Australia	6.05	5.73	5.98	−0.07	−1.16	−0.01	1.03	0.99
Taiwan	4.84	4.98	4.78	−0.06	−1.24	−0.01	0.82	0.79
Ukraine	3.45	3.36	2.33	−1.12	−32.46	−0.19	0.59	0.39
Countries in group 3	120.49	120.23	118.45	−2.04	−1.69	−0.34	20.51	19.61
Countries in group 4	192.97	191.33	193.85	0.9	0.46	0.15	32.85	32.09
16 Countries	394.42	406.08	410.19	15.77	4.00	2.61	67.15	67.91

China's Installed Generation Capacity [34, 35, 36]

Parameter	2019	2021	2022	July-2023	2022, %
Thermal Power, GW	1 190	1 297	1 332	1 364	52
Hydropower, GW	358	391	414	418	16
Nuclear Power, GW	49	53	56	57	2
Wind Power, GW	209	329	365	393	14
Solar Power, GW	204	307	393	491	15
Others (Biomass, Waste to Energy), GW	0.4	0.9	5	17	0.2
Total electric power, GW	2 010	2 378	2 564	2 740	100

Coal Consumption by Country [8, 9]

Parameter	Coal Consumption
Parameter	country			Δ: country's - country's	country's / country's	Coal / Energy Consumption by country's		country's / global
Year	2019	2021	2022	2022 / 2019		2019	2022	Δ / 2022	2019 / 2019	2022/2022
Country ↓ Unit →	EJ	EJ	EJ	EJ	%	%	%	%	%	%
Global	157.64	160.43	161.47	3.83	2.43	26.84	26.73
China	81.79	87.54	88.41	6.62	8.09	56.51	55.47	4.10	51.88	54.75
India	18.60	19.30	20.09	1.49	8.01	55.49	55.13	0.92	11.80	12.44
United States	11.34	10.57	9.87	−1.47	−12.96	11.85	10.29	−0.91	7.19	6.11
Countries in group 2	29.94	29.87	29.96	0.02	0.07	23.18	22.64	0.01	18.99	18.55
Japan	4.91	4.93	4.92	0.01	0.20	26.53	27.58	0.01	3.11	3.05
South Africa	3.64	3.51	3.31	−0.33	−9.07	68.29	68.67	−0.20	2.31	2.05
Russian Federation	3.57	3.43	3.19	−0.38	−10.64	11.84	11.04	−0.24	2.26	1.98
South Korea	3.44	3.04	2.87	−0.57	−16.57	27.56	22.58	−0.35	2.18	1.78
Indonesia	3.41	2.75	4.38	0.97	28.45	41.48	44.83	0.60	2.16	2.71
Germany	2.25	2.24	2.33	0.08	3.56	16.90	18.94	0.05	1.43	1.44
Vietnam	2.07	2.16	2.05	−0.02	−0.97	47.70	44.66	−0.01	1.31	1.27
Poland	1.86	1.9	1.81	−0.05	−2.69	43.56	42.00	−0.03	1.18	1.12
Kazakhstan	1.66	1.40	1.44	−0.22	−13.25	56.66	45.15	−0.14	1.05	0.89
Turkey	1.76	1.74	1.75	−0.01	−0.57	26.67	24.96	−0.01	1.12	1.08
Australia	1.75	1.63	1.55	−0.20	−11.43	28.93	25.92	−0.12	1.11	0.96
Taiwan	1.67	1.68	1.58	−0.09	−5.39	34.50	33.05	−0.06	1.06	0.98
Ukraine	1.08	0.95	0.52	−0.56	−51.85	31.30	22.32	−0.35	0.69	0.32
Countries in group 3	33.07	31.36	31.70	−1.37	−4.14	27.45	26.76	−0.85	20.98	19.63
Countries in group 4	12.84	11.66	11.40	−1.44	−11.21	15.73	14.82	−0.89	8.15	7.06
16 Countries	144.80	148.77	150.07	5.27	3.64	36.71	36.59	3.26	91.85	92.94

The Dynamics of Coal Consumption Worldwide and in China

Parameter	World				China
	2022/2019		2025/2022		2022/2019		2025/2022
	ΔMt	%	Δ	%	ΔMt	%	Δ	%
Total Coal Consumption	224	2.87	13	0.16	300	7.59	87	2.05
Thermal coal and lignite consumption	278	4.17	15	0.22	336	10.48	101	2.85
Metallurgical coal consumption	−54	−4.76	−2	−0.19	−36	−4.84	−14	−1.98

Coal consumption [25, 26]

Country	Parameter	2019	2021	2022	2025^*
World	Total Coal Consumption, Mt	7 801	7 929	8 025	8 038
	Thermal coal and lignite consumption, Mt	6 667	6 820	6 945	6 960
	Metallurgical coal consumption, Mt	1 134	1 110	1 080	1 078
China	Total Coal Consumption, Mt	3 950	4 232	4 250	4 337
	Thermal coal and lignite consumption, Mt	3 206	3 511	3 542	3 643
	Metallurgical coal consumption, Mt	744	720	708	694
China / World	Total Coal Consumption, %	50.6	53.4	53.0	54.0
	Thermal coal and lignite consumption, %	48.1	51.5	51.0	52.3
	Metallurgical coal consumption, %	65.6	64.9	65.6	64.6
China coal / China total
	Thermal coal and lignite consumption, %	81.2	83.0	83.3	84.0
	Metallurgical coal consumption, %	18.8	17.0	16.7	16.0

Carbon Dioxide Emission from Energy by Country [8]

Parameter	CO₂ emissions from Energy
Parameter	country		Δ: country's - country's	country's / country's	country's / global
Year	2019	2021	2021 / 2019		Δ / 2021	2019 / 2019	2021 / 2021
Country ↓ Unit →	Mt	Mt	Mt	%	%	%	%
Global	34 044.0	34 052.2	8.2	0.02	0.02
China	9 933.7	10 563.5	629.8	6.34	1.85	28.18	31.02
India	2 407.3	2 464.7	57.4	2.38	0.17	7.07	7.24
United States	4 981.6	4 768.4	−213.2	−4.28	−0.63	14.63	14.00
Japan	1 120.6	1 066.6	−54.0	−4.82	−0.16	3.29	3.13
South Africa	474.1	438.7	−35.4	−7.47	−0.10	1.39	1.29
Russian Federation	1 559.2	1 584.2	25.0	1.60	0.07	4.58	4.65
South Korea	635.3	603.0	−32.3	−5.08	−0.09	1.87	1.77
Indonesia	562.7	519.6	−43.1	−7.66	−0.13	1.65	1.53
Germany	680.1	642.8	−37.3	−5.48	−0.11	2.00	1.89
Vietnam	291.1	273.1	−18.0	−6.18	−0.05	0.86	0.80
Poland	301.8	309.9	8.1	2.68	0.02	0.89	0.91
Kazakhstan	220.5	217.2	−3.3	−1.5	−0.01	0.65	0.64
Turkey	386.7	412.6	25.9	6.70	0.08	1.14	1.21
Australia	407.2	370.4	−36.8	−9.04	−0.11	1.20	1.09
Taiwan	279.3	280.2	0.9	0.32	0.003	0.82	0.82
Ukraine	185.5	167.7	−17.8	−9.60	−0.05	0.54	0.49
16 Countries	24 426.7	24 682.6	255.9	1.16		71.45	72.48

China's CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by sector [27]

Parameter	Electricity and heat production	Other energy industry own use	Manuf. industries and construction	Transport	of which: road	Residential	Commercial and public services
unit	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
2019	53.0	3.5	28.1	9.1	7.4	3.4	1.2
2021	55.8	2.9	26.6	9.1	7.4	3.1	1.1%

Race to Carbon Neutrality. Prospects of Phasing Out Coal

Figures & Tables

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal Combustion by Country [7, 8]

China's Electricity Generation [8, 9, 36]

Coal Power Capacity in Development and Operating [22]

China CO2 emissions from fuel combustion [10]

The time interval of China's annual coal consumption and other countries

Primary Energy Consumption by Country [8]

China's Installed Generation Capacity [34, 35, 36]

Coal Consumption by Country [8, 9]

The Dynamics of Coal Consumption Worldwide and in China

Coal consumption [25, 26]

Carbon Dioxide Emission from Energy by Country [8]

China's CO2 emissions from fuel combustion by sector [27]

Paradigm

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