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Connectors as a Key to Efficient Storm Water Management System: An In-Situ Assessment of Residential Estates in Poland Cover

Connectors as a Key to Efficient Storm Water Management System: An In-Situ Assessment of Residential Estates in Poland

Open Access
|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

The rainwater management system diagram on which the methodology is based. Author’s study
The rainwater management system diagram on which the methodology is based. Author’s study

Figure 2.

(a) Zielony Południk, Gdańsk. Example of the carefully planned catchment of rainwater from the surface runoff; (b) Wolne Miasto, Gdańsk. Example of a design with untapped surface runoff potential. Author’s photos
(a) Zielony Południk, Gdańsk. Example of the carefully planned catchment of rainwater from the surface runoff; (b) Wolne Miasto, Gdańsk. Example of a design with untapped surface runoff potential. Author’s photos

Figure 3.

Percentage of the land cover of investigated estates. Author’s study
Percentage of the land cover of investigated estates. Author’s study

Figure 4.

Green area division. Author’s study
Green area division. Author’s study

Figure 5.

Elements directing the rainwater from the area above the car park to the permeable areas at housing estate Beauforta in Gdynia. (a) open channels; (b) pipes. Photos Author’s
Elements directing the rainwater from the area above the car park to the permeable areas at housing estate Beauforta in Gdynia. (a) open channels; (b) pipes. Photos Author’s

Figure 6.

Examples of open channels directing the rainwater to the sumps (a) Wolne Miasto, Gdynia; (b) Sokółki Zielenisz, Gdynia. Photos Author’s
Examples of open channels directing the rainwater to the sumps (a) Wolne Miasto, Gdynia; (b) Sokółki Zielenisz, Gdynia. Photos Author’s

Figure 7.

NbS for infiltration (a) Idea estate, (b) Nowe Żerniki estate; NbS for temporary retention (c) Zielony Południk estate, (d) Zielony Południk estate; NbS for long-term retention (e) Beauforta estate, (f) Wolne Miasto estate. Photos Author’s
NbS for infiltration (a) Idea estate, (b) Nowe Żerniki estate; NbS for temporary retention (c) Zielony Południk estate, (d) Zielony Południk estate; NbS for long-term retention (e) Beauforta estate, (f) Wolne Miasto estate. Photos Author’s

Figure 8.

Typically, missing elements. Author’s study
Typically, missing elements. Author’s study

Figure 9.

Diagram of RMS including typically missing elements. Author’s study
Diagram of RMS including typically missing elements. Author’s study

Division by area_ Author’s study

Group typeHousing estateResearch area [m2]The presence of an underground car park

largeWolne Miasto68 612yes
Nowe Żerniki73 642yes
19 dzielnica60 975yes
Żoliborz Artystyczny84 000yes

mediumZielony Południk39 007no
Nadmorski Dwór33 958yes
Idea36 614yes
Beauforta47 752yes

smallSokółki Zielenisz18 948yes
Mickiewicza27 925yes
Jaśminowy Mokotów24 952yes

The quality of green areas_ Author’s study

Housing estatePercentage of green area in totalLevel of low grassLevel of greenery above 1m in heightLevel ofQuality of green area

Wolne Miasto49%highmediumlowmedium
Zielony Południk53%lowhighmediumhigh
Nadmorski Dwór55%highmediummediummedium
Idea56%lowhighlowhigh
Beauforta46%lowhighlowhigh
Sokółki Zielenisz45%lowhighmediumhigh
Nowe Żerniki21%highmediummediummedium
Mickiewicza70%highmedium-medium
Jaśminowy Mokotów46%lowlowhighlow
19 dzielnica30%lowhighhighmedium
Żoliborz Artystyczny49%mediumlowhighlow

Terrain profile and its impact on RMS design_ Terrain profiles are generated from geoportal_gov_pl_ Author’s study

Housing estateTerrain profileDescriptionCharacteristic
Wolne MiastoThe section done across the plot (from the north to the south). a: 15.19 mThe topography of the area has great potential in shaping efficient RMS based on gravity water flow.
Zielony PołudnikThe section done along the lot (from the north-west to the south-east) a: 15 mThe topography of the area took a prime part in the shape of RMS at the estate. The areas placed lower are used as surface retention elements such as major rain gardens.
Nadmorski DwórThe section done along the plot (from the north-west to the south-east) a: 1.93 m
  • The differences in height appeared due to green roofs (green areas on the top of garages).

  • The slope was used for creating fountain and water cascades.

IdeaThe section done along the plot (from the west to the east) a: 0.65 mThe depression visible on the terrain profile was not visible on the side. The area was mostly flat and water flow was determined by slight infliction of the pavement.
BeaufortaThe section done along the plot (from the north-west to the south-east) a: 1 mThe first depression was the emergency reservoir, and the second depression (drop 1m) was not visible on the side. The characteristics were drops in the place of the car park and rises in the place of buildings and inner courtyards.
Sokółki ZieleniszThe section done along the plot (from the south-west to the north-east) a: 1.85 mThe topography has good potential for shaping RMS, which was noticed and used for open channels.
Nowe ŻernikiThe section done along the bottom part (from the west to the east) a: 4.88 m
  • Since Nowe Żerniki estate consists of many various residential estates in different parts the topography has unique characteristics.

  • The area was mostly flat, and more significant height differences appeared due to green roofs, which in fact are green areas on the top of garages.

The section done along the middle part (from the west to the east) a: 0.98 m
The section done along the upper part (from the west to the east) a: 2.98 m
MickiewiczaThe section done along the plot (from the west to the east) d: 1.7 mThat difference in height shown on the profile can be observed on the side as a slight depression with greenery.
Jaśminowy MokotówThe section done along the plot (from the south-west to the north-east) d: 2.31 mThe visible height difference was in the area of private gardens. During inventory there was no observed significant height differences.
19 dzielnicaThe section done along the plot (from the north-west to the south-east) d: 4.39 mThe characteristics were high slopes in the inner courtyards that are accessible just for residents.
Żoliborz ArtystycznyThe section done along the plot (from the east to the west) a: 7.7mExcept for one bigger drop (that is rather a hole, in its shape difficult to use as an RMS element) the area was moderately hilly and had a good potential for shaping RMS.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0046 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 14
Submitted on: Jan 2, 2023
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Accepted on: Dec 12, 2023
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Published on: Dec 31, 2023
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2023 Paulina Gama Marques, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.