Impact of Variable Technological and Quality Factors on the Efficiency of Filtration Processes Using Dynasand Filters and Lamella Separator

2018–2022
Indicator Unit	Sampling point	Number of samples	Value			median	standard deviation
Indicator Unit	Sampling point	Number of samples	min.	average	max.	median	standard deviation
temperature, °C	before Dyna Sand filters	869	0.70	11.80	22.90	11.80	5.60
	after Dyna Sand filters	869	2.60	12.00	21.10	12.20	5.00
	before Lamella separator	415	2.40	11.93	21.80	12.10	5.31
	after Lamella separator	330	2.90	12.47	21.80	12.50	5.32
pH	before Dyna Sand filters	881	7.20	-	8.70	8.20	0.10
	after Dyna Sand filters	881	7.10	-	8.30	7.80	0.20
	before Lamella separator	417	7.03	7.98	8.47	8.06	0.25
	after Lamella separator	413	7.03	8.05	9.18	8.09	0.18
conductivity, µS/cm	before Dyna Sand filters	881	270.00	391.00	578.00	387.00	35.70
	after Dyna Sand filters	881	269.00	390.00	576.00	384.00	36.00
	before Lamella separator	419	240.00	340.00	553.00	325.00	56.50
	after Lamella separator	416	227.00	325.00	487.00	326.00	26.14
turbidity, NTU	before Dyna Sand filters	869	0.57	5.94	133.00	4.00	6.55
	after Dyna Sand filters	869	0.09	0.22	0.81	0.20	0.06
	before Lamella separator	397	9.23	36.38	278.00	30.50	25.02
	after Lamella separator	397	2.70	10.45	55.60	9.30	5.2
color, mgPt·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	869	3.9	15.24	182.00	14.1	7.7
	after Dyna Sand filters	869	1.8	4.2	8.99	4.1	0.9
	before Lamella separator	389	5.8	72.2	288.0	72.7	30.7
	after Lamella separator	389	3.9	24.9	91.1	24.0	10.6
UVA _254nm⁻	before Dyna Sand filters	866	0.123	0.302	1.450	0.290	0.076
	after Dyna Sand filters	866	0.070	0.140	0.257	0.139	0.024
	before Lamella separator	388	0.151	0.306	1.037	0.286	0.124
	after Lamella separator	388	0.093	0.158	0.392	0.150	0.042
KMnO₄ index mgO₂· dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	318	1.00	2.44	4.10	2.44	0.45
KMnO₄ index mgO₂· dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	318	0.21	1.32	2.30	1.36	0.34
dry residue 105°C, %	before Dyna Sand filters	55	170.0	226.4	328.5	226.0	32.3
dry residue 105°C, %	after Dyna Sand filters	55	120.0	204.4	304.0	205.0	33.3
Fe total, mg· dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	196	0.0080	0.1370	2.4800	0.0750	0.2390
Fe total, mg· dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	196	0.0000	0.0112	0.1300	0.0100	0.0117
Mn, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	56	0.0004	0.0142	0.0438	0.0094	0.0121
Mn, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	35	0.0000	0.0004	0.0017	0.0004	0.0003
chlorides, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	115	8.50	13.51	18.00	14.00	2.17
chlorides, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	114	10.00	13.32	18.00	13.00	1.78
sulfur, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	115	0.00	19.34	33.60	20.20	5.18
sulfur, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	114	8.70	20.48	30.70	20.80	4.21
phosphates, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	114	0.000	0,030	0,140	0,020	0,032
phosphates, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	93	0.000	0.014	0.084	0.010	0.016
ammonia, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	230	0,000	0.040	1.290	0.030	0.086
ammonia, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	230	0,000	0.009	0.060	0.000	0.014
nitrites, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	115	0.000	0.011	0.090	0.010	0.011
nitrites, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	112	0.000	0.001	0.021	0.001	0.003
nitrates, mg·dm⁻³	before Dyna Sand filters	115	1.63	8.85	18.40	8.70	3.11
nitrates, mg·dm⁻³	after Dyna Sand filters	111	3.54	8.99	30.11	8.20	3.58

Histogram of the frequency of turbidity reported in water after DynaSand filters (2018–2022)

Table 2.

Results of the analyses of technological factors and the effectiveness of pollutant removal in the technological system

2018–2022
Indicator Unit	Sampling point	Number of samples	Value			median	standard deviation
Indicator Unit	Sampling point	Number of samples	min.	average	max.	median	standard deviation
flow, m³·h⁻¹	Dyna Sand filters	767	100.0	306.3	466.0	351.0	97.2
flow, m³·h⁻¹	Lamella separator	724	26.8	40.3	46.3	40.4	2.3
retention time, minute	Dyna Sand filters	767	17.4	30.7	81.0	23.1	14.0
retention time, minute	Lamella separator	724	16.2	18.7	28.0	18.6	1.2
filtration speed, m·^h−1	Dyna Sand filters	767	1.5	4.5	6.9	5.2	1.4
coagulant dose, m·h⁻¹	Dyna Sand filters	767	31,0	733	7021	415.2	686
coagulant dose, m·h⁻¹	Lamella separator	643	147	319	760	318	79.2
turbidity reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	869	63.3	93.2	99.6	94.9	5.6
turbidity reduction, %	Lamella separator	396	35.5	67.16	97.79	68.32	12.45
color reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	868	29.0	69.7	98.3	71.1	10,0
color reduction, %	Lamella separator	388	24.9	63.3	90.3	63.9	11.8
UVA _254nm reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	865	26.2	52.6	93.0	52.4	8.1
UVA _254nm reduction, %	Lamella separator	385	20.2	46.2	79.9	45.6	8.8
KMnO₄ index reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	318	19.5	45.7	89.3	44.3	11.8
dry residue reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	55	0.5	9.7	34.1	7.5	7.6
Fe total reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	196	6.2	86.2	100.0	90.6	15.8
Mn reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	35	74.2	96.4	100.0	98.0	4.9
chlorides reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	114	0.0	4.8	25.0	0.0	6.3
sulfur reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	114	10.3	19.65	33.6	19.7	3.9
phosphates reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	93	0.0	49.6	100.0	54.9	35.1
ammonia reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	230	0.0	76.9	100.0	100.0	31.4
nitrites reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	112	25	90.2	100.0	93.2	13.7
nitrates reduction, %	Dyna Sand filters	111	0.0	9.5	44.1	4.2	11.8

Water color values before and after filtration on DynaSand filters (2018–2022)

Table 3.

Percentage of bacteria removal after DynaSand filters

2018–2022
min.	average	max.	Value			min.	average
min.	average	max.	min.	average	max.	min.	average
coli group bacteria, jtk·100cm⁻¹	before Dyna Sand filters	84	10	1226	3468	1122	725
	after Dyna Sand filters	162	0	63	319	50	63
	reduction, %	84	20.0	93.3	100.0	96.4	11.4
Enterococcus faecalis, jtk·100cm⁻¹	before Dyna Sand filters	107	0	248	2000	150	310
	after Dyna Sand filters	168	0	10	98	6	14
	reduction, %	107	32.0	91.9	100.0	93.0	12.5
Clostridium perfringens, jtk·100cm⁻¹	before Dyna Sand filters	98	16	158	1000	119	141
	after Dyna Sand filters	166	0	3	5	1	5
	reduction, %	98	72.2	97.5	100.0	99.0	4.0

Impact of variable flows on filtration effects

Impact of variable retention times on the filters on filtration effects

Distribution of water turbidity after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

Color distribution of water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

Distribution of UVA_254nm in water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0027 | Journal eISSN: 2720-6947 (formerly 1899-0142) | Journal ISSN: 1899-0142

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Language: English

Page range: 177 - 187

Submitted on: Mar 28, 2023

Accepted on: May 30, 2023

Published on: Jul 20, 2023

Published by: Silesian University of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

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© 2023 Iwona Wiewiórska, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 16 (2023): Issue 2 (June 2023)

Impact of Variable Technological and Quality Factors on the Efficiency of Filtration Processes Using Dynasand Filters and Lamella Separator

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Table 1.

Figure 2.

Table 2.

Figure 3.

Table 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

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