Figure 1
![Chosen historical methods of establishing building-to-building distances in the context of daylighting and access to the sky view A. More than 200 years ago, Prussian land law clearly regulated the distances between adjacent residential buildings, requiring that the sky was visible from the ground floor windows of each of these buildings. Source: author, based on [30].B. New regulations concerning the buildings and streets of times of the Haussmannian transformation of Paris (1853–1870) – the facades couldn't exceed 20 meters in height in streets 20 meters in width and the roofs had to be diagonal at 45 degrees. Source: author, based on [31].C. The principle of opening angle 4° and incidence angle 27°, as a method of determining the daylight illumination of living quarters according to DIN. Source: author, based on [32]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470719a71e4585e08a9d3f9/j_acee-2022-0037_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T010854Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=226d0cd6a938e320603db26b55f6066649d448428ff0e049557203d8cf895906&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![Basis of the Relative Retinal Image Method. Source: author, based on [40b]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470719a71e4585e08a9d3f9/j_acee-2022-0037_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T010854Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=260d36020d5b894527c6114fb48b916b02a9290d95d8ca8311d272de8b839696&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
![The research model based on the application of the relative retinal image method. Source: author, based on [40a]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470719a71e4585e08a9d3f9/j_acee-2022-0037_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCJEWVHKE%2F20251215%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251215T010854Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCKkSuEIQ1Ja7d6ygEg7Xwvu8MdQXWP3jZmHFpbwz0VlwIgQDAsB77Pv38a9USCyErIi%2BF7NRoIDKIGi%2F3eVBbxEnkqvQUIQhACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDOz5xfOioKdKSx1qvCqaBY%2BXIALhMUomTCzwYio3o9i4MZ6z%2FbHlEpyRFGj%2BdopEFA7ueIYP4gmsxTlYy8VpHQ1ZzJf6YzMIp8LG5Yg%2FITKEKDpFcWshIU0GW4HexeL%2BHbHhB%2FDQ2lHmcGkDHZB019tLH8bopI%2Fm9%2BrN7cRF5DvKDlRld9qgiEsKK8XUXRotCDAP9WL%2FVvZJ53s9Dkgll%2BIEdTxqbxICVSuWF7nkAC92tc0TEAEsZA8A5t1TXF%2FWWV9O3GtqjsO%2FTEWaISlY88ICK3F%2F5PCr7gzkUQ9t1sGXsyEgQ%2B%2FFFVmlp1SFtdeapjKjO%2FoNBp1qF7Hw5cKpsylNvQzgJ851ew8BVmdDl2dI5RGCFtHinHm20nUK3n6r6uimWpJv0FgqaiLQn5zPNm52asl2bYseim%2BO4m7nwMqwaLsu4wbEQaIGKVhWwOjZ0OxSKf%2FdVLi%2BuIqirkZ%2FjuZZsXbTAIx5%2FKTa2IAJlAcivLhLBg7QmUfso6ddFalK%2B7i4mt%2Fk%2BRLq1YWdtq%2FG0Pkhf32e5w98%2BjYLQ6AlEGvOkBtPfmNROamz%2Fq2zbdiEqCc8NdXDBE3aXhnduwpkaPAzgC5SivvYtK08X%2FvUMgibN2IsC5unIbbvPN6OTL5q95JZu6pKKcgAAOK5k0v8HVAZ4nSZsM6ZasF2AEMtRduh4TfAolSPCCcMqsx0AUAiVEHbJ1fybhFQOoxrj2X30fwVNwIWGZ63o%2F0S77uTiPjevTI7nyGW%2FWOWPzk8WPV426TAiF9yIUyrpBdUua3UQMOJyrbTS%2BNHWEyP6OcnRCkHUSkOcDR%2B56dujqSK6zpt%2Bgx%2FQjbzTmwLJA%2B5YXLdHFLnzJj28gqIn5zsmh5ZmJebMjczAZsG2rmK3OKFu%2Fn6avY2XHKncBSjJTDOtP3JBjqxAQBIA2vGxo7mDpi3c5%2B0Gyz%2B28Nv22SL6SjngBzGvsv5lEh2eIT1HYPem3jwHL2onQO9ZaeUGtEBs3GnczRjp3rXHMVfOZv7orNh6CZw%2BgtLSwHxw%2BMhdLmBbG4BE26NqmAQs7MrzL9AOVAYYO7l5HKah1RKlrT%2F02fUyiloYZb7zaJ7IRePFHjG4%2BVyuvzCsDr5UJ6uXHNPWs%2F3zKqVGQz0pPDZ%2F09VVO3%2F6cb099TJlw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=faa97e9b3e6329e29b92387e48541a25f339328d9876939e1c4025738074a45a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figures & Tables
The Criterion of Access to the Sky View in Residential Environment Architectural Designing
Language: English
Page range: 43 - 61
Submitted on: Jul 13, 2022
Accepted on: Nov 29, 2022
Published on: Feb 3, 2023
Published by: Silesian University of Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
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© 2023 Zdzisław Pelczarski, published by Silesian University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.