Strategic Industries – Is There a Common Terminological Ground?
By: Iveta Černá, Petr Procházka and Eva Křenková
References
- Alon, A., & Kim, O. (2022). Protectionism through legislative layering: Implications for auditors and investors. Journal of International Business Policy (JIBP), 5, 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00114-9
- Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
- Arman, & Maulidian. (2018). The Strategic Industry of East Java Economy. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 175, 012090. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012090
- Arslan, A., Khan, Z., Kontkanen, M., & Tarba, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the Changing Perception of Strategic Industries: Implications for International Business. In M. Marinov, & S. Marinova (Eds.), Covid-19 and International Business: Change of Era (pp. 89–102). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-367-62324-1, e-ISBN 978-1-003-10892-4. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003108924
- Ashby, A. (2016). From global to local: reshoring for sustainability. Operations Management Research, 9, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-016-0117-9
- Bauerle Danzman, S., & Meunier, S. (2023). Naïve no more: Foreign direct investment screening in the European Union. Global Policy special issue: EU Trade Policy: Challenges to its Strategic Autonomy, 14(S3), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13215
- Bishen, S., & Spina, A. (2023). Here’s why some countries are experiencing medicine shortages – and what can be done to ensure supply. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/why-is-world-experiencing-medicine-shortages-and-how-can-the-generics-industry-address-supply-challenges
- BMWi. (2019). Industrial Strategy 2030: Guidelines for a German and European industrial policy. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. https://www.celis.institute/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/industrial-strategy-2030.pdf
- Bogdan, W., Boniecki, D., Labaye, E., Marciniak, T., & Nowacki, M. (2015). Poland 2025: Europe’s new growth engine. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/economic%20studies%20temp/our%20insights/how%20poland%20can%20become%20a%20european%20growth%20engine/poland%202025_full_report.pdf
- Bremmer, I. (2020). Coronavirus and the World Order to Come. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, No. 16, Pandemics & Geopolitics: The Quickening, 14–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48573745. Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development. https://cirsd.org/horizon-article/coronavirusand-the-world-order-to-come/
- Buckley, P. J., Clegg, L. J., Cross, A. R., Liu, X., Voss, H., & Zheng, P. (2007). The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), 38, 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400277
- Bulfone, F. (2020). New forms of industrial policy in the age of regulation: A comparison of electricity and telecommunications in Italy and Spain. Governance, 33(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12408
- Cai, Y.-H., & Efstathopoulos, C. (2023). Between economic openness and strategic caution: Germany’s response to China’s investment. Asia Europe Journal, 21, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-023-00671-z
- Cambridge Dictionary. (2026). Strategic industry. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/strategic-industry
- Chapman, A., & Tsuji, T. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on a Transitioning Energy System, Society, and International Cooperation. Sustainability, 12(19), 8232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198232
- Ciravegna, L., & Michailova, S. (2022). Why the world economy needs, but will not get, more globalization in the post-COVID-19 decade. Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), 53, 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00467-6
- Clifton, J., & Díaz-Fuentes, D. (2011). The European Union, Southern Multinationals and the Question of the ‘Strategic Industries’. In Brennan, L. (Ed.) The Emergence of Southern Multinationals. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-31396-9, e-ISBN 978-0-230-30616-5. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306165_12
- Denton, R. L., Thoms, A., Bychkov, A., Hoffmanová, M., Pfadt, W., Perche, M., Lazar, M., Ehrle, A., Mann, S., Grimmer, T., Rose, A., & Evans, R. (2020). New EU and national export controls on face masks and medical protective equipment. Global Sanctions and Export Controls Blog. https://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/new-eu-and-national-export-controls-on-face-masks-and-medical-protective-equipment/
- Di Tommaso, M. R., Tassinari, M., Bonnini, S., & Marozzi, M. (2017). Industrial policy and manufacturing targeting in the US: new methodological tools for strategic policy-making. International Review of Applied Economics, 31(5), 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2017.1303036
- Durusoy, S., Sica, E., & Beyhan, Z. (2015). Economic Crisis and Protectionism Policies: The Case of the EU Countries. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(6(1)), 57–68. https://ijhss.thebrpi.org/journals/Vol_5_No_6_1_June_2015/7.pdf
- EMA. (2023). EMA update on shortages of antibiotics in the EU. European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-update-shortages-antibiotics-eu
- EU. (2009). Council Regulation (EC) No 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items. European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/428/oj/eng
- EU. (2012). Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=oj:JOC_2012_326_R_TOC
- EU. (2020a). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/568 of 23 April 2020 making the exportation of certain products subject to the production of an export authorisation. European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/568/oj/eng
- EU. (2020b). A New Industrial Strategy for Europe. European Union. https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0102
- EU. (2021). Commission Notice Guide on Articles 34-36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=oj:JOC_2021_100_R_0003
- European Commission. (2023). Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council on “European Economic Security Strategy”. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52023JC0020
- European Council. (2024). EU industrial policy. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-industrial-policy/
- Eurostat. (2008). NACE Rev. 2 - Statistical classification of economic activities. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/ks-ra-07-015
- Fainshmidt, S., Nair, A., & Mallon, M. R. (2017). MNE performance during a crisis: An evolutionary perspective on the role of dynamic managerial capabilities and industry context. International Business Review, 26(6), 1088–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.04.002
- Foster, M. J. (2023). A fresh view of China’s OFDI, its motivations and risks thereto. SN Business & Economics, 3, 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-022-00398-w
- France Diplomacy. (2013). Strategic Sector Support. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/economic-diplomacy-foreign-trade/supporting-french-businesses-abroad/strategic-sector-support/
- Gottlieb, C. (2020). French Foreign Investment Control – New Rules Applicable as From April 1st, 2020. https://www.clearytradewatch.com/2020/03/french-foreign-investment-control-new-rules-applicable-as-from-april-1st-2020
- Gräf, H., & Schmalz, S. (2023). Avoiding the China shock: How Chinese state-backed internationalization drives changes in European economic governance. Competition & Change, 30(1), 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/10245294231207990
- Helleiner, E. (2021). The Return of National Self-Sufficiency? Excavating Autarkic Thought in a De-Globalizing Era. International Studies Review, 23(3), 933–957. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa092
- Horowitz, J. (2023). Russia’s war in Ukraine sparked a historic food crisis. It’s not over. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/15/business/global-food-crisis-davos/index.html
- ICE. (2020). Italian Main Industrial Sectors. https://www.ice.it/it/sites/default/files/inline-files/Italian%20Main%20Industrial%20Sectors.pdf
- Irwin, D. A., & Klenow, P. J. (1994). Learning-by-Doing Spillovers in the Semiconductor Industry. Journal of Political Economy, 102(6), 1200–1227. https://doi.org/10.1086/261968
- Jeanne, L., Bourdin, S., Nadou, F., & Noiret, G. (2023). Economic globalization and the COVID-19 pandemic: global spread and inequalities. GeoJournal, 88, 1181–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10607-6
- Juhász, R., & Lane, N. (2024). The Political Economy of Industrial Policy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 38(4), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.38.4.27
- Keynes, J. M. (1933). National Self-Sufficiency. The Yale Review, 22(4). https://yalereview.org/article/john-maynard-keynes-national-self-sufficiency
- Klein, C., Høj, J., & Machlica, G. (2021). The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the automotive sector in Central and Eastern European Countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1658. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/a7d40030-en
- Kuzemko, C., Bradshaw, M., Bridge, G., Goldthau, A., Jewell, J., Overland, I., Scholten, D., Van de Graaf, T., & Westphal, K. (2020). Covid-19 and the politics of sustainable energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 68, 101685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101685
- Li, J., Shapiro, D. M., Ufimtseva, A., & Zhang, P. (2024). Techno-nationalism and cross-border acquisitions in an age of geopolitical rivalry. Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), 55, 1190–1203. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-024-00721-7
- Libicki, M. C. (1990). What Makes Industries Strategic. The Institute for National Strategic Studies. McNair Papers, Number 5. Washington DC: National Defense University. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA422099.pdf
- Longman Dictionary. (2026). Strategic industry. https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/strategic-industry
- Los, B. (2004). Identification of strategic industries: A dynamic perspective. Papers in Regional Science, 83(4), 669–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.2004.tb01933.x
- Maček, A., & Ovin, R. (2014). Does Economic Interventionism Help Strategic Industries? Evidence from Europe. E+M Ekonomie a Management, E+M Economics and Management, 17(3), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2014-3-001
- Marcus, J. S., Poitiers, N. F., Guetta-Jeanrenaud, L., Grzegoczyk, M., Röhner, N., Buckingham, S., Hortal Foronda, F., Pelkmans, J. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market. Luxembourg: European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/834346
- Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
- Miroudot, S. (2020). Reshaping the policy debate on the implications of COVID-19 for global supply chains. Journal of International Business Policy (JIBP), 3, 430–442. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00074-6
- OECD. (2007). International Investment Perspectives 2007: Freedom of Investment in a Changing World. https://doi.org/10.1787/iip-2007-4-en
- Phillips, W., Roehrich, J. K., Kapletia, D., & Alexander, E. (2022). Global Value Chain Reconfiguration and COVID-19: Investigating the Case for More Resilient Redistributed Models of Production. California Management Review, 64(2), 71–96, https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256211068545
- Prud’homme, D. (2016). Forecasting Threats and Opportunities for Foreign Innovators in China’s Strategic Emerging Industries: A Policy-Based Analysis. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21713
- Reiter, O., & Stehrer, R. (2023). Assessing the importance of risky products in international trade and global value chains. Empirica, 50, 7–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-022-09560-x
- Reuters. (2022). Spain to extend restrictions on foreign takeovers until end of 2024. https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/spain-plans-extend-restrictions-foreign-takeovers-until-end-2024-2022-12-12/
- Rosén, G., & Meunier, S. (2023). Economic Security and the Politics of Trade and Investment Policy in Europe. Politics and Governance, 11(4), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i4.7858
- Rotondi, F. (2023). Italy to Create Sovereign Fund to Support Strategic Sectors. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-16/italy-to-create-sovereign-fund-to-support-strategic-sectors
- Stevens, B. (1991). Strategic industries: what policies for the 1990s? The OECD Observer, 172, 4–7. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/1991/10/oecd-observer-volume-1991-issue-5_g1g341e3/observer-v1991-5-en.pdf
- Taormina, R. J., & Gao, J. H. (2013). Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs. The American Journal of Psychology (AJP), 126(2), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.2.0155
- Tisdell, C. (2013). Economic self-reliance and China’s development: changing perspectives. International Journal of Development Issues, 12(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-03-2013-0029
- UNCTAD. (2012). Italy - Establishes review mechanism for transactions in strategic industries. Investment Policy Monitor. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-policy-monitor/measures/443/italy-establishes-review-mechanism-for-transactions-in-strategic-industries
- UNIDO. (2025). The Future of Industries for Development: UNIDO’s Vision 2050. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Industrial Development Organization. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/unido-publications/2025-11/The%20Future%20of%20Industries%20for%20Development%20-%20UNIDO%27s%20Vision%202050.pdf
- Whetsell, T. A., Siciliano, M. D., Witkowski K. G. K., & Leiblein, M. J. (2020). Government as Network Catalyst: Accelerating Self-Organization in a Strategic Industry. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 30(3), 448–464. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa002
- Yin, K., Zhang, K., Huang, C. (2022). Institutional supply, market cultivation, and the development of marine strategic emerging industries. Marine Policy, 139, 105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105045
- Yu, K. D. S., Tan, R. R., Aviso, K. B., Promentilla, M. A. B., & Santos, J. R. (2014). A Vulnerability Index for Post-disaster Key Sector Prioritization. Economic Systems Research, 26(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.872603
- Zhan, J. X. (2021). GVC transformation and a new investment landscape in the 2020s: Driving forces, directions, and a forward-looking research and policy agenda. Journal of International Business Policy (JIBP), 4, 206–220. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00088-0
Language: English
Page range: 18 - 34
Published on: Jun 27, 2026
Published by: Technical University of Liberec
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 3 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Iveta Černá, Petr Procházka, Eva Křenková, published by Technical University of Liberec
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.