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Antimicrobial functional ingredients used in hand hygiene products: a cross-sectional survey on regional e-commerce platforms in Wuhan area of China Cover

Antimicrobial functional ingredients used in hand hygiene products: a cross-sectional survey on regional e-commerce platforms in Wuhan area of China

Asian Biomedicine
Volume 19 (2025): Issue 6 (December 2025)
By: Xintong Chen and  Jun Wang  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Distribution of sanitizer delivery systems for hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 674)
Distribution of sanitizer delivery systems for hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 674)

Figure 2.

Distribution of different antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 674). (A) Proportion of alcohol-based and alcohol-free hand sanitizer products. (B) Prevalence of functional ingredients in hand functional products.
Distribution of different antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 674). (A) Proportion of alcohol-based and alcohol-free hand sanitizer products. (B) Prevalence of functional ingredients in hand functional products.

Figure 3.

Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study. (A) Proportion of products containing single and multiple antibacterial functional ingredients (n = 674). (B) Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in alcohol-based hand sanitizer products (n = 337). (C) Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in products containing BAC (n = 41). BAB, benzalkonium bromide; BAC, benzalkonium chloride; BEC, benzethonium chloride; CHX, chlorhexidine; CPC, cetylpyridinium chloride; CX, chloroxylenol; DDAC, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HOCl, hypochlorous acid; LA, lactic acid; PHMB, polyhexamethylene biguanide; SA, salicylic acid; TCS/TCC, triclosan/triclocarban.
Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study. (A) Proportion of products containing single and multiple antibacterial functional ingredients (n = 674). (B) Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in alcohol-based hand sanitizer products (n = 337). (C) Combination of antibacterial functional ingredients in products containing BAC (n = 41). BAB, benzalkonium bromide; BAC, benzalkonium chloride; BEC, benzethonium chloride; CHX, chlorhexidine; CPC, cetylpyridinium chloride; CX, chloroxylenol; DDAC, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; HOCl, hypochlorous acid; LA, lactic acid; PHMB, polyhexamethylene biguanide; SA, salicylic acid; TCS/TCC, triclosan/triclocarban.

Figure 4.

Natural antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 14).
Natural antibacterial functional ingredients in hand sanitizer products included in this study (n = 14).

Figure 5.

Comparison among hand sanitizer products containing TCS/TCC, their recognized chemical substitutes BAC, BEC, and CX, as well as natural ingredients (n = 176). BAC, benzalkonium chloride; BEC, benzethonium chloride; CX, chloroxylenol; TCS/TCC, triclosan/triclocarban.
Comparison among hand sanitizer products containing TCS/TCC, their recognized chemical substitutes BAC, BEC, and CX, as well as natural ingredients (n = 176). BAC, benzalkonium chloride; BEC, benzethonium chloride; CX, chloroxylenol; TCS/TCC, triclosan/triclocarban.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2025-0037 | Journal eISSN: 1875-855X | Journal ISSN: 1905-7415
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Language: English
Page range: 383 - 393
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: Chulalongkorn University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year
Keywords:
alcohol,
antimicrobial functional ingredients,
hand sanitizers,
post-pandemic era,
product survey
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Assistive professions, nursing,
Basic medical science,
Basic medical science, other,
Clinical medicine,
Clinical medicine, other

© 2025 Xintong Chen, Jun Wang, published by Chulalongkorn University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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