Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Parental groups | Children groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | N | P | VC | NC | P | |
| Gender (% male) | 38.1% | 71.4% | 0.053 | 51.9% | 42.9% | 0.504 |
| Age (years-old) | 46.8 ± 9.6 | 44.0 ± 5.3 | 0.325 | 17.5 ± 4.7 | 15.6 ± 5.2 | 0.773 |
| Plasma creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.290 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.650 |
| Urine volume (L/day) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.531 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.060 |
| Urine creatinine excretion (g/day) | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.190 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.422 |
| Urinary protein excretion (mg/day) | 68.7 ± 50.0 | 467.2 ± 371.1 | 0.003* | 57.7 ± 48.9 | 103.7 ± 46.6 | 0.001# |
Figure 1.
Comparing the urine proteomic profile between children of NL patients and children of volunteers demonstrated an elevation of 26 urinary proteins and the decrease of 2 urinary proteins. NL, nephrolithiasis.
Table 2.
List of proteins with an abnormal urinary excretion rate in children of patients with NL compared to children of volunteers
| Accession no. | List of proteins | Fold change# | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proteins with an increased urinary excretion rate | |||
| 4757760 | adiponectin | 1.60 ± 0.12 | 0.001 |
| 4505529 | alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 | 2.28 ± 0.21 | 0.003 |
| 50659080 | alpha-1-antichymotrypsin | 1.42 ± 0.12 | 0.002 |
| 189163532 | alpha-1-antitrypsin | 2.32 ± 0.40 | 0.029 |
| 156523970 | alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein | 2.63 ± 0.43 | 0.024 |
| 530362391 | alpha-amylase 1 isoform X1 | 2.95 ± 0.10 | <0.0001 |
| 153266841 | beta-2-glycoprotein 1 | 1.78 ± 0.25 | 0.014 |
| 67782358 | complement factor B | 1.77 ± 0.16 | 0.005 |
| 4503113 | cystatin-M | 1.58 ± 0.12 | 0.002 |
| 4758092 | di-N-acetylchitobiase | 1.04 ± 0.20 | 0.039 |
| 148225659 | endonuclease domain-containing 1 protein | 1.55 ± 0.16 | 0.005 |
| 62122917 | filaggrin-2 | 1.45 ± 0.27 | 0.035 |
| 39995109 | ganglioside GM2 activator isoform 1 | 1.12 ± 0.16 | 0.014 |
| 530395269 | hemopexin isoform X1 | 1.88 ± 0.27 | 0.017 |
| 295986608 | immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 isoform 1 | 1.42 ± 0.29 | 0.048 |
| 40549451 | lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1 | 1.71 ± 0.15 | 0.003 |
| 578814724 | maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal isoform X1 | 0.73 ± 0.14 | 0.035 |
| 4502085 | pancreatic alpha-amylase | 1.59 ± 0.28 | 0.031 |
| 289547757 | prostate stem cell antigen | 2.69 ± 0.31 | 0.008 |
| 4502067 | protein AMBP | 1.25 ± 0.22 | 0.029 |
| 578839125 | putative V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein IGHV4OR15-8-like | 1.33 ± 0.25 | 0.038 |
| 4557871 | serotransferrin | 1.31 ± 0.23 | 0.029 |
| 4502027 | serum albumin | 1.58 ± 0.10 | 0.001 |
| 4885629 | trefoil factor 2 | 1.04 ± 0.21 | 0.049 |
| 88853069 | vitronectin | 1.63 ± 0.25 | 0.019 |
| 4502337 | zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | 1.33 ± 0.22 | 0.023 |
| Proteins with decreased urinary excretion rate | |||
| 5031839 | keratinocyte proline-rich protein | 1.36 ± 0.20 | 0.002 |
| 68563515 | keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.017 |
Table 3.
Urinary excretion rate of candidate proteins in all groups
| Parental groups | Children groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | N | P | VC | NC | P | |
| AMBP (μg/day) | 10.3 ± 20.11 | 28.3 ± 41.2 | 0.048* | 10.15 ± 10.56 | 25.21 +27.77 | 0.011# |
| AAT (μg/day) | 452.6 ± 431.7 | 1705.2 ± 1393.9 | <0.001* | 203.7 +206.6 | 784.7 +450.8 | 0.025# |
| Transferrin (μg/day) | 9.4 ± 7.5 | 36.5 ± 29.9 | <0.001* | 4.8 +3.4 | 16.6 +9.8 | 0.043# |
| Fetuin-A (μg/day) | 2.92 ± 2.58 | 7.94 ± 13.57 | 0.193 | 2.83 +3.27 | 4.98 +3.52 | 0.022# |
| Adiponectin (μg/day) | 19.9 ± 18.8 | 87.2 ± 64.7 | 0.131 | 29.0 +13.4 | 58.8 +43.8 | 0.998 |
Figure 2.
Comparison between the Tiselius urinary supersaturation index (×10-5) and the urinary excretion rate of (A) AMBP, (B) alpha-1-antitrypsin, (C) transferrin, and (D) fetuin-A, *P < 0.05. AMBP, alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor.
Figure 3.
Hypothesis of the elevation of urinary AAT and transferrin protein in children of patients with NL (Created by BioRender.com). AAT, alpha-1 Antitrypsin; NL, nephrolithiasis.