Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Precocious puberty: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment Cover

Precocious puberty: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment

Open Access
|Apr 2025

References

  1. Kim SH, Huh K, Won S, Lee KW, Park MJ. A significant increase in the incidence of central precocious puberty among Korean girls from 2004 to 2010. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0141844. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141844
  2. Golub MS, Collman GW, Foster PM, Kimmel CA, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Reiter EO, et al. Public health implications of altered puberty timing. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(Suppl 3):S218–30.
  3. Maione L, Bouvattier C, Kaiser UB. Central precocious puberty: recent advances in understanding the aetiology and in the clinical approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021; 95:542–55.
  4. Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:254-64.
  5. Dauber A, Cunha-Silva M, Macedo DB, Brito VN, Abreu AP, Roberts SA, et al. Paternally inherited DLK1 deletion associated with familial central precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 102:1557–67.
  6. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969; 44:291–303.
  7. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970; 45:13–23.
  8. Sørensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012; 77:137–45.
  9. Latronico AC, Brito VN, Carel JC. Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:265–74.
  10. Tanner JM, Goldstein H, Whitehouse RH. Standards for children’s height at ages 2-9 years allowing for heights of parents. Arch Dis Child. 1970; 45:755–62.
  11. Eugster EA. Update on precocious puberty in girls. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019; 32:455–9.
  12. Bradley SH, Lawrence N, Steele C, Mohamed Z. Precocious puberty. BMJ. 2020; 368:l6597. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l6597
  13. Prokop-Piotrkowska M, Marszałek-Dziuba K, Moszczyńska E, Szalecki M, Jurkiewicz E. Traditional and new methods of bone age assessment-an overview. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2021; 13:251–62.
  14. Binay C, Simsek E, Bal C. The correlation between GnRH stimulation testing and obstetric ultrasonographic parameters in precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 27:1193–9.
  15. Chotipakornkul N, Onsoi W, Numsriskulrat N, Aroonparkmongkol S, Supornsilchai V, Srilanchakon K. The utilization of basal luteinizing hormone in combination with the basal luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone ratio as a diagnostic tool for central precocious puberty in girls. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2023; 28:138–43.
  16. Poomthavorn P, Khlairit P, Mahachoklertwattana P. Subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (triptorelin) test for diagnosing precocious puberty. Horm Res. 2009; 72:114–9.
  17. Mogensen SS, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Sørensen K, Main KM, Gideon P, et al. Pathological and incidental findings on brain MRI in a single-center study of 229 consecutive girls with early or precocious puberty. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e29829. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0029829
  18. Aguirre RS, Eugster EA. Central precocious puberty: from genetics to treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 32:343–54.
  19. Schoelwer M, Eugster EA. Treatment of peripheral precocious puberty. Endocr Dev. 2016; 29:230–9.
  20. Abreu AP, Dauber A, Macedo DB, Noel SD, Brito VN, Gill JC, et al. Central precocious puberty caused by mutations in the imprinted gene MKRN3. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:2467–75.
  21. Seminara SB, Messager S, Chatzidaki EE, Thresher RR, Acierno JS Jr, Shagoury JK, et al. The GPR54 gene as a regulator of puberty. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349:1614–27.
  22. Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. TAC3 and TACR3 mutations in familial hypogona-dotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:354–8.
  23. Zuure WA, Roberts AL, Quennell JH, Anderson GM. Leptin signaling in GABA neurons, but not glutamate neurons, is required for reproductive function. J Neurosci. 2013; 33:17874–83.
  24. Carel JC, Roger M, Ispas S, Tondu F, Lahlou N, Blumberg J, et al. Final height after long-term treatment with triptorelin slow release for central precocious puberty: importance of statural growth after interruption of treatment. French study group of decapeptyl in precocious puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84:1973–8.
  25. Klein KO, Barnes KM, Jones JV, Feuillan PP, Cutler GB Jr. Increased final height in precocious puberty after long-term treatment with LHRH agonists: the National Institutes of Health experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86:4711–6.
  26. Bereket A. A critical appraisal of the effect of gonadotropinreleasing hormon analog treatment on adult height of girls with central precocious Puberty. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017; 9(Suppl 2):33–48.
  27. Thaneetrakool T, Aroonparkmongkol S, Numsriskulrat N, Supornsilchai V, Wacharasindhu S, Srilanchakon K. Effectiveness of leuprolide acetate administered monthly compared to three-monthly in the treatment of central precocious puberty: evaluation at the end of treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1390674. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1390674
  28. Soriano-Guillén L, Argente J. Central precocious puberty, functional and tumor-related. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019; 33:101262. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.01.003
  29. Lazar L, Meyerovitch J, de Vries L, Phillip M, Lebenthal Y. Treated and untreated women with idiopathic precocious puberty: long-term follow-up and reproductive outcome between the third and fifth decades. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014; 80:570–6.
  30. Leite AL, Galo E, Antunes A, Robalo B, Amaral D, Espada F, et al. Do GnRH agonists really increase body weight gain? Evaluation of a multicentric Portuguese cohort of patients with central precocious puberty. Front Pediatr. 2022; 10:816635. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.816635
  31. Tuvemo T, Jonsson B, Gustafsson J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Aronson AS, Häger A, et al. Final height after combined growth hormone and GnRH analogue treatment in adopted girls with early puberty. Acta Paediatr. 2004; 93:1456–62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2025-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1875-855X | Journal ISSN: 1905-7415
Language: English
Page range: 69 - 77
Published on: Apr 30, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year

© 2025 Khomsak Srilanchakon, Vichit Supornsilchai, Suttipong Wacharasindhu, Martin O. Savage, published by Chulalongkorn University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.