Figure 1.
(A) The 830 nm laser device and (B) controller.
Figure 2.
(A) High power LDF device and (B) data collection from HD patients. HD, hemodialysis; LDF, laser Doppler flowmetry.
Figure 3.
Consort flow diagram. LDF, laser Doppler flowmetry; PBM, photobiomodulation; RBC, red blood cell.
Figure 4.
(A) The fiber probe of the high-power LDF was placed at the edge of the AVF. (B) The actual tested situation of HD patients receiving 830 nm laser on the palm. AVF, arteriovenous fistula; HD, hemodialysis; LDF, laser Doppler flowmetry.
Figure 5.
The variation of average microcirculation of AVF in HD patients with 830 nm laser (First phase: baseline; Second phase: 830 nm laser radiated on palm for 20 min; and Third phase: after the cessation of the 830 nm laser). AVF, arteriovenous fistula; HD, hemodialysis.
Table 1.
The ratio of RBC microcirculation in patients with different durations of HD period
| HD history (years) | Microcirculation parameters of RBC (PU) | Second phase (%) | Third phase (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| <3 | Concentration | −2.18 | −3.04 |
| Velocity | −0.49 | +0.19 | |
| Flux | −2.12 | −2.35 | |
| 3–6 | Concentration | −1.03 | −0.22 |
| Velocity | +2.78 | +3.02 | |
| Flux | +1.30 | +1.13 | |
| ≥6 | Concentration | +0.10 | +0.52 |
| Velocity | −0.31 | −7.25 | |
| Flux | −0.03 | −6.26 |
Figure 6.
Normalized average RBC concentration in the duration of the HD period. HD, hemodialysis; PU, perfusion units; RBC, red blood cell.
Figure 7.
Normalized average RBC velocity in the duration of the HD period. HD, hemodialysis; PU, perfusion units; RBC, red blood cell.
Figure 8.
Normalized average RBC flux in the duration of the HD period. HD, hemodialysis; PU, perfusion units; RBC, red blood cell.
Table 2.
The relationship between the age and the microcirculation in patient duration of the HD treatment
| The duration of HD period (years) | Number of patients with microcirculation changed in AVF (increase/decrease) | Age of the patient with increased microcirculation (years) | Age of the patient with decreased microcirculation (years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (2/3) | 53.00 ± 8.49 | 76.00 ± 10.44 |
| 2 | (1/1) | 76 | 63 |
| 3 | (1/0) | 59 | N/A |
| 4 | (1/2) | 56 | 68.50 ± 6.36 |
| 5 | (3/1) | 66.67 ± 14.01 | 72 |
| 6 | (1/0) | 45 | N/A |
| 7 | (0/3) | N/A | 71.00 ± 1.00 |
| 9 | (1/0) | 55 | N/A |
| Age (mean ± standard deviation) | 58.67 ± 10.03 | 70.10 ± 4.80 |