TPH1 was associated with carcinogenesis of bladder tissues. (A) Analysis of TPH1 average expression level in bladder tissues. BCa tissues of 404 cases and normal bladder tissues of 28 cases were collected. (B) The effect of different expression levels of TPH1 on the survival rate. BCa, bladder cancer; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1.
Figure 2.
TPH1 inhibited the growth and proliferation of T24 cells. (A) The overexpression of TPH1 protein was determined by using Western blot analysis. (B) T24 cells were transfected with Flag-TPH1 plasmids, and untreated T24 cells were used as the control. Colony formation assays were performed to detect cell viability. A total of 4 × 102 cells were seeded in 6-well plates. After 14 days, cells were fixed with 4% polyformaldehyde and stained with 0.05% crystal violet. The number of cell clones was counted. (C) Soft agar assays were used to evaluate the proliferation of cells with overexpression of TPH1. (D) CCK-8 assays were performed to determine cell viability, and the procedures were repeated three times to obtain a mean value. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01. CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1.
Figure 3.
The deficiency of TPH1 promoted cell survival and proliferation. (A) Western blot analysis was used to analyze TPH1 protein expression in WT and TPH1-knockout T24 cells. (B) Colony formation assays showed the viability of TPH1-knockout T24 BCa cells. Cells were digested and seeded into 6 cm plates. After 2 weeks, colonies were stained with crystal violet, imaged, and counted. (C) Soft agar assays were used to evaluate the proliferation of WT and TPH1-knockout T24 BCa cells. The colonies were imaged and counted. (D) CCK-8 assays were performed to determine cell viability, and the procedures were repeated three times to obtain a mean value. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BCa, bladder cancer; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1; WT, wild type.
Figure 4.
TPH1 affected the survival and proliferation of T24 cells by regulating HIF-1α signal pathway. (A) Luciferase assays were used to detect the activity of HIF-1α pathway with increasing amounts of the TPH1 expression plasmids (0 ng, 100 ng, 200 ng, and 400 ng). (B) RT-PCR was used to analyze the survivin mRNA levels in WT and TPH1-knockout cells. (C) Colony formation showed the viability of TPH1-knockout T24 BCa cells treated with or without LW6. (D) RT-PCR was used to analyze the survivin mRNA levels in TPH1-knockout cells treated with or without LW6. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BCa, bladder cancer; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1; WT, wild type.