Results of Chi-Square distribution of glycemic control status by participants’ demographic and clinical variables (n = 516)_
| Variables | n | Adequate glycemic control, n (%) | Poor glycemic control, n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.322 | |||
| ≤60 | 369 | 72 (19.5) | 297 (80.5) | |
| >60 | 147 | 23 (15.6) | 124 (84.4) | |
| Gender | 0.141 | |||
| Male | 236 | 37 (15.7) | 199 (84.3) | |
| Female | 280 | 58 (20.7) | 222 (79.3) | |
| Marital status | 0.042 | |||
| Married | 447 | 89 (19.9) | 358 (80.1) | |
| Unmarried | 69 | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | |
| Education | 0.678 | |||
| Less than secondary | 238 | 40 (16.8) | 198 (83.2) | |
| Secondary | 164 | 32 (19.5) | 132 (80.5) | |
| Higher than secondary | 114 | 23 (20.2) | 91 (79.8) | |
| Smoking status | 0.112 | |||
| Current | 157 | 21 (13.4) | 136 (86.6) | |
| Ex-smoker | 79 | 14 (17.7) | 65 (82.3) | |
| Non-smokers | 280 | 60 (21.4) | 220 (78.6) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 392 | 60 (15.3) | 332 (84.7) | |
| No | 124 | 35 (28.2) | 89 (71.8) | |
| Hypertension | 0.138 | |||
| Yes | 317 | 52 (16.4) | 265 (83.6) | |
| No | 199 | 43 (21.6) | 156 (78.4) | |
| CVD | 0.034 | |||
| Yes | 137 | 17 (12.4) | 120 (87.6) | |
| No | 379 | 78 (20.6) | 301 (79.4) | |
| Neuropathy | 0 | |||
| Yes | 201 | 21 (10.4) | 180 (89.6) | |
| No | 315 | 75 (23.8) | 240 (76.2) | |
| Retinopathy | 0.286 | |||
| Yes | 72 | 10 (13.9) | 62 (86.1) | |
| No | 444 | 85 (19.1) | 359 (80.9) | |
| Diabetes medication | 0 | |||
| OHA | 308 | 84 (27.3) | 224 (72.7) | |
| Insulin | 208 | 11 (5.3) | 197 (94.7) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 0 | |||
| ≤10 | 303 | 72 (23.8) | 231 (76.2) | |
| >10 | 213 | 23 (10.8) | 190 (89.2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.618 | |||
| Normal | 59 | 11 (18.6) | 48 (81.4) | |
| Overweight | 148 | 31 (20.9) | 117 (79.1) | |
| Obese | 309 | 53 (17.2) | 256 (82.8) | |
| Renal function | 0.014 | |||
| GFR ≥ 60 mL/min | 462 | 68 (21.8) | 244 (78.2) | |
| GFR < 60 mL/min | 54 | 27 (13.2) | 177 (86.8) |
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients with T2DM (n = 516)_
| Variable | n | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||
| ≤60 | 369 | 71.5 |
| >60 | 147 | 28.5 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 236 | 45.7 |
| Female | 280 | 54.3 |
| Education | ||
| Less than secondary school | 238 | 46.1 |
| Secondary school | 164 | 31.8 |
| Higher than secondary | 114 | 22.1 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 447 | 86.6 |
| Single | 19 | 3.7 |
| Divorce/widow | 50 | 9.7 |
| Income | ||
| <500 JD (US$700) | 234 | 45.3 |
| >500 JD (US$700) | 282 | 54.7 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current | 157 | 30.4 |
| Ex-smoker | 79 | 15.3 |
| Non-smoker | 280 | 54.3 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||
| Yes | 392 | 76 |
| No | 124 | 24 |
| Hypertension | ||
| Yes | 317 | 61.4 |
| No | 199 | 38.6 |
| CVD | ||
| Yes | 137 | 26.6 |
| No | 379 | 73.4 |
| Neuropathy | ||
| Yes | 201 | 39 |
| No | 315 | 61 |
| Retinopathy | ||
| Yes | 72 | 14 |
| No | 444 | 86 |
| Diabetes medication | ||
| OHA | 308 | 59.7 |
| Insulin | 208 | 40.3 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | ||
| ≤10 | 303 | 58.7 |
| >10 | 213 | 41.3 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | ||
| ≥7 | 418 | 81 |
| <7 | 98 | 19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| Normal | 59 | 11.4 |
| Overweight | 148 | 28.7 |
| Obese | 309 | 59.9 |
| Renal function | ||
| GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 462 | 89.5 |
| GFR e 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 54 | 10.5 |
Adjusted ORs for factors associated with poor glycemic control_
| Variable | OR | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | 3 | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 2 | 0.012 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2 | 0.016 |
| Neuropathy | 2 | 0.024 |
| Job none | 3 | 0.012 |
| Patient on insulin | 5 | 0.000 |