References
- Greenberg JA, Hsu J, Bawazeer M, et al. Clinical practice guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Can J Surg. 2016;59:128–140.
- Liu M, Gao C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition on the prognosis of patients with acute pancreatitis. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10:10779–10788.
- Baik SM, Kim M, Lee JG. Comparison of early enteral nutrition versus early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2024;17:10.
- Roberts KM, Nahikian-Nelms M, Ukleja A, Lara LF. Nutritional aspects of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2018;47: 77–94.
- Reintam Blaser A, Starkopf J, Alhazzani W, et al. Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:380–398.
- Janssen H, Kahles F, Liu D, et al. Monocytes re-enter the bone marrow during fasting and alter the host response to infection. Immunity. 2023;56: 783–796.e7.
- Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:48–79.
- Compher C, Bingham AL, McCall M, et al. Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46:12–41.
- Lodewijkx PJ, Besselink MG, Witteman BJ, et al. Nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a critical review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;10:571–580.
- Hui L, Zang K, Wang M, Shang F, Zhang G. Comparison of the preference of nutritional support for patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2019;42:411–416.
- Yao Q, Liu P, Peng S, Xu X, Wu Y. Effects of immediate or early oral feeding on acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 2022;22:175–184.
- Mikhailov TA, Gertz SJ, Kuhn EM, Scanlon MC, Rice TB, Goday PS. Early enteral nutrition is associated with significantly lower hospital charges in critically ill children. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2018;42:920–925.
- Feng P, He C, Liao G, Chen Y. Early enteral nutrition versus delayed enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e8648.
- Chinese Geriatric Society, Critical Care Medicine Division of Chinese Geriatric Society, Yan J, Cai GL. Expert consensus on enteral nutrition support for elderly patients with critical illness in China (2022). Chin Critical Care Med. 2022;34:337–342 (in Chinese).
- Li X, Ma F, Jia K. Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours or between 24 and 72 hours for acute pancreatitis: evidence based on 12 RCTs. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2327–2335.
- Song J, Zhong Y, Lu X, et al. Enteral nutrition provided within 48 hours after admission in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97:e11871.
- Sun JK, Mu XW, Li WQ, Tong ZH, Li J, Zheng SY. Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function of severe acute pancreatitis patients. World J Gastroentero. 2013;19:917–922.
- Bakker OJ, van Brunschot S, van Santvoort HC, et al. Early versus on-demand nasoenteric tube feeding in acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1983–1993.
- Márta K, Farkas N, Szabó I, et al. Meta-analysis of early nutrition: the benefits of enteral feeding compared to a nil per OS diet not only in severe, but also in mild and moderate acute pancreatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1691.
- Yang J, Zhou FC, Liu X. Safety of nasogastric tube versus nasojejunal tube feeding in early enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Chin J Clin Nutr. 2016;24:6 (in Chinese).
- Deane AM, Adam MD, Dhaliwal R, et al. Comparisons between intragastric and small intestinal delivery of enteral nutrition in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care. 2013;17:R125.
- Singh N, Sharma B, Sharma M, et al. Evaluation of early enteral feeding through nasogastric and nasojejunal tube in severe acute pancreatitis: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Pancreas. 2012;41:153–159.
- Nally DM, Kelly EG, Clarke M, Ridgway P. Nasogastric nutrition is efficacious in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:1769–1778.
- Carlin-Ronquillo A, Benites-Goñi H, Diaz-Arocutipa C, et al. Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Rev Gastroenterol Peru. 2023;43:207–216.
- Wang M, Shi H, Chen Q, et al. Comparative safety assessment of nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding initiated within 48 hours post-admission versus unrestricted timing in moderate or severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24:207.
- Górski P, Swidnicka-Siergiejko A. Feeding intolerance-a key factor in the management of acute pancreatitis: a review. J Clin Med. 2024;13:6361.
- Dutta AK, Goel A, Kirubakaran R, Chacko A, Tharyan P. Nasogastric versus nasojejunal tube feeding for severe acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3:CD010582.
- Xiao W, Zeng Y, Ai L, Wang G, Fu Y. Clinical predictors and prevalence of enteral nutrition intolerance in acute pancreatitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2025;17:910.
- Cassady B, Hertzler S, Stuart E, Fledderjohann L. Understanding osmolality: a manufacturer’s methodology and clinical considerations for enteral nutrition. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2023;123:A25–A25.
- Ouyang B, Qiu C. PP021-SUN: Effect of a fat-modified enteral formula on gastrointestinal tolerance in critically ill patients: a prospective, multi-center, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:S26–S27.
- Shi XX, Zhang QL, Li Q, et al. Risk factors for enteral nutrition-associated diarrhea in older patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30:253.
- Bharal M, Morgan S, Husain T, et al. Volume based feeding versus rate based feeding in the critically ill: a UK study. J Intensive Care Soc. 2019;20: 299–308.
- McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40:159–211.
- Uno I, Kubo T. Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia among elderly patients in a community-based integrated care unit: a retrospective cohort study. Geriatrics (Basel). 2021;6:113.
- Boeykens K, Holvoet T, Duysburgh I. Nasogastric tube insertion length measurement and tip verification in adults: a narrative review. Crit. Care. 2023;27:317.
- Chen PT, Liu KL. Fluoroscopic-guided nasogastric tube placement in patients with advanced head and neck cancers. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119:1320–1324.
- Chauhan D, Varma S, Dani M, Fertleman MB, Koizia LJ. Nasogastric tube feeding in older patients: a review of current practice and challenges faced. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2021;2021: 6650675.
- Borges JLA, De Souza IAO, Costa MCV, et al. Causes of nasoenteral tube obstruction in tertiary hospital patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74: 261–267.
- Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1671–1689.
- Wei J, Chen W, Zhu M, et al. Guidelines for parenteral and enteral nutrition support in geriatric patients in China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24: 336–346.
- Wanden-Berghe C, Patino-Alonso MC, Galindo-Villardón P, Sanz-Valero J. Complications associated with enteral nutrition: CAFANE study. Nutrients. 2019;11:2041.