Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Thallium Toxicity in Humans Cover

References

  1. John Peter AL, Viraraghavan T. Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns.2005;31:493-501.
  2. Das AK, Dutta M, Cervera ML, de la Guardia M. Determination of thallium in water samples.2007;86:2-8.
  3. Saha A. Thallium toxicity: A growing concern.2005;9:53-6.
  4. Das AK, Chakraborty R, Cervera ML, Guardia MDI. Determination of thallium in biological samples.2006;385:665-70.
  5. Thallium; thallium metal; thallium(III) oxide; thallium sulfate. In: Aresini G, Draper MH, Duffus JH, van der Venne M, editors. The toxicology of chemicals - Series 1. Carcinogenicity. Vol IV - Summary review of the scientific evidence. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities; 1993. p. 129-39.
  6. Health-based Reassessment of Administrative Occupational Exposure Limits - Thallium and water-soluble thallium compounds [displayed 28 July 2009]. Available at
  7. Cheam V, Garbai G, Lechner J, Rajkumar J. Local impacts of coal mines and power plants across Canada: I. Thallium in waters and sediments.2000;35:581-607.
  8. Cheam V. Thallium contamination of water in Canada.2001;36:851-77.
  9. McConnell JR, Edwards R. Coal burning leaves toxic heavy metal legacy in the Arctic.2008;34:12140-4.
  10. Lin TS, Nriagu J. Thallium speciation in the Great Lakes.1999;33:3394-7.
  11. Galván-Arzate S, Santamaría A. Thallium toxicity.1998;99:1-13.
  12. Frattini P. Thallium properties and behaviour - A Literature Study [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  13. Rehkämper M, Nielsen SG. The mass balance of dissolved thallium in the oceans.2004;85:125-39.
  14. National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). Data sheets on selected toxic elements. Ottawa (ON): Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality; 1982.
  15. Leonard A, Gerberr GB. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of thallium compounds.1997;387:47-53.
  16. Xiao T, Boyle D, Guha J, Rouleau A, Hong Y, Zheng B. Ground water related thallium transfer processes and their impact on the ecosystem: southwest Guizhou Province, China.2003;18:675-91.
  17. Percival TJ, Radtke AS. Sedimentary-rock-hosted disseminated gold mineralization in the Alsar district, Macedonia.1994;32:649-65.
  18. Hofmann BA, Knill MD. Geochemistry and genesis of the Lengenbach Pb-Zn-As-Tl-Ba-mineralization, Binn Valley, Switzerland.1996;31:319-39.
  19. Krupp RE, Seward TM. The Rotokawa geothermal system, New Zealand: an active epithermal gold-depositing environment.1987;82:1109-29.
  20. Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. 2ed. Florida: CRC Press; 1992.
  21. US Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries (2002) - Thallium [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  22. Murao S, Itoh S. High thallium content in Kuroko-type ore.1992;43:223-31.
  23. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Technical Factsheet on: Thallium [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  24. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Consumer Factsheet on: THALLIUM [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  25. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). Responses to comments on the technical support document public health goal for thallium in drinking water [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  26. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Summary of existing Canadian environmental quality guidelines (2003) [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  27. Galván-Arzate S, Santamaría A. Thallium toxicity.1998;99:1-13.
  28. USGG Mineral Information. Thallium. Statistics and information. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2006 [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  29. USGG Mineral Information. Thallium. Statistics and information. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2007 [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  30. USGG Mineral Information. Thallium. Statistics and information. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009 [displayed 23 April 2009]. Available at
  31. Britten JS, Blank M. Thallium activation of the (Na+/K+)- activated ATPase of rabbit kidney.1968;159:160-6.
  32. World Health Organization (WHO). International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Thallium. Environmental health criteria. Vol. 182. Geneva: WHO; 1996.
  33. Ramsden D. Thallium. In: Waring RH, Steventon GB, Mitchell SC, editors. Molecules of Death. London: Imperial College Press; 2002. p. 304-11.
  34. Mulkey JP, Oehme FW. A review of thallium toxicity.1993;35:445-53.
  35. Villaverde MS, Verstraeten SV. Effects of thallium(I) and thallium(III) on liposome membrane physical properties.2003;417:235-43.
  36. Hanzel CE, Villarverde MS, Verstraeten SV. Glutathione metabolism is impairedby thallium(III) hydroxide.2005;207:501-10.
  37. Hanzel CE, Verstraeten SV. Thallium induces hydrogen peroxide generation by impairing mitochondrial function.2006;216:485-92.
  38. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3ed. London: Oxford University Press; 1999.
  39. SM, Brailovskaya IV. Tlincreases the permeability of the inner membranes of rat liver mitochondria for monovalent cations.2001;378:145-9.
  40. Bragadin M, Toninello A, Bindoli A, Rigobello MP, Canton M. Thallium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells.2003;1010:283-91.
  41. Korotkov SM, Lapin LV. Thallium induces opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria.2003;392:247-52.
  42. Misra UK, Kalita J, Yadav RK, Ranjan P. Thallium poisoning: emphasis on early diagnosis and response to haemodialysis.2003;79:103-5.
  43. Hoffman RS. Thallium poisoning during pregnancy: a case report and comprehensive literature review.2000;38:767-75.
  44. Galván-Arzate S, Ríos C. Thallium distribution in organs and brain regions of developing rats.1994;90:63-9.
  45. Galván-Arzate S, Martínez A, Medina E, Santamaría A, Ríos C. Subchronic administration of sublethal doses of thallium to rats: effects on distribution and lipid peroxidation in brain regions.2000;116:37-43.
  46. Moeschlin S. Thallium poisoning.1980;17:133-46.
  47. Sabbioni E, Goetz L, Bignoli G. Health and environmental implications of trace metals released from coal-fired power plants: an assessment study of the situation in the European Community.1984;40:141-154.
  48. Saddique A, Peterson CD. Thallium poisoning: a review.1983;25:16-22.
  49. Kuo HC, Huang CC, Tsai YT. Acute painful neuropathy in thallium poisoning.2005;65:302-4.
  50. Jha S, Kumar R, Kumar R. Thallium poisoning presenting as paresthesias, paresis, psychosis and pain in abdomen.2006;54:53-5.
  51. Lu CI, Huang CC, Chang YC, Tsai YT, Kuo HC, Chuang YH, Shih TS. Short-term thallium intoxication.2007;143:93-8.
  52. Saha A, Sadhu HG, Karnik AB, Patel TS, Sinha SN, Saiyed HN. Erosion of nails following thallium poisoning: a case report.2004;61:640-2.
  53. Zhao G, Ding M, Zhang B, Lv W, Yin H, Zhang L, Ying Z, Zhang Q. Clinical manifestations and management of acute thallium poisoning.2008;60:292-7.
  54. Thompson DF. Management of thallium poisoning.1981;18:979-90.
  55. Thompson DF, Callen ED. Soluble or insoluble Prussian blue for radiocesium and thallium poisoning?2004;38:1509-14.
  56. Hoffman RS. Thallium toxicity and the role of Prussian blue in therapy.2003;22:29-40.
  57. Shamshinova AM, Ivanina TA, Yakovlev AA, Shabalina LP, Spiridonova VS. Electroretinography in the diagnosis of thallium intoxication.1990;34:113-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1976 | Journal eISSN: 1848-6312 (formerly 0004-1254) | Journal ISSN: 0004-1254
Language: English, Croatian
Page range: 111 - 119
Published on: Mar 25, 2010
Published by: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2010 Petra Cvjetko, Ivan Cvjetko, Mirjana Pavlica, published by Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License.