Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of Indonesian toll road projects Cover

Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of Indonesian toll road projects

Open Access
|Mar 2026

References

  1. Abbasi, S. J., Weng, X., & Iqbal, M. J. (2024). Numerical analysis of differential settlement in road due to widening considering different reinforcement techniques. Applied Sciences, 14(5), 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051740
  2. Ali, S., Yong, F., Mehmood, M., Nie, W., & Jamil, F. (2025). Investigating the deformation characteristics of silt-lightweight soil with various sizes of expanded polystyrene beads. International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, 11(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-025-00643-w
  3. Ansori, M. B., Lasminto, U., Jbs, I. D. B., & Sari, P. T. K. (2025). Flood modeling and inundation mapping using the HEC-RAS 2D hydrodynamic model with a meteorological rain-on-grid approach: A case study of the Banyakan Area, Kediri Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1551(1), 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1551/1/012034
  4. Aryandi, S. K., Mochtar, I. B., Endah, N., & Artanto, A. A. (2025). Design of toll road embankment with secondary compression mitigation after PVD installation and solutions for The Probolinggo–Banyuwangi Toll Road Construction Project Package 2 Sta 16+300 – Sta 16+700. Journal of Infrastructure and Facility Asset Management, 7(1), 57–74.
  5. Brouwer, J. W. R., & Laerhoven, C. R. van (2024). The use of foam glass for a lightweight fill and highway foundation on soft soil conditions. In Geotechnical engineering challenges to meet current and emerging needs of society (pp. 2127–2131). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003431749-402
  6. Buathong, P., Jongpradist, P., & Jamsawang, P. (2025). Performance evaluation of lightweight clay-air foam embankment on soft Bangkok clay: A full-scale test and 3D numerical analysis. Results in Engineering, 27, 105793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105793
  7. Chow, L. C., Bentler, J. G., & Lamb, R. A. (2019). Primary and post-surcharge secondary settlements of a highway embankment constructed over highly organic soils: a case history. In Eighth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering (pp. 109–118). American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482070.011
  8. Departemen Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah (2002). Panduan Geoteknik 1: Proses Pembentukan dan Sifat-Safat Dasar Tanah Lunak (Pt T-8-2002-B). https://binamarga. pu.go.id/uploads/files/1744/preview_1744-1-5.pdf
  9. Dhianty, E., & Mochtar, I. B. (2018). Method of removing secondary compression on clay using preloading. MATEC Web of Conferences, 195, 03006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819503006
  10. Dou, H., Xu, B., Li, F., Li, Y., Liu, H., & Zu, F. (2025). Research and application of fiber-reinforced EPS particle lightweight soil in highway engineering in cold regions. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 25264. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10866-6
  11. Duda, A., & Siwowski, T. W. (2022). Stability and settlement analysis of a lightweight embankment filled with waste tyre bales over soft ground. Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, 9(4), 467–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00184-5
  12. Efendi, A. W. (2023). The settlement behavior using replacement embankment with mortar foam and geofoam using LISA FEA. Nusantara Civil Engineering Journal, 2(2), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.32487/nuce.v2i02.484
  13. Hao, D., Miao, C., Fang, S., Wang, X., & Shu, Q. (2024). Experimental and numerical study on lightweight-foamed-concrete-filled widened embankment of high-speed railway. Materials, 17(18), 4642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184642
  14. Jusi, U., Pratikso, & Maizir, H. (2024). Numerical model analysis of subgrade settlement with foam mortar reinforcement based on thickness variation. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 22(4), 810–818. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-53365
  15. Jusi, U., Pratikso, & Maizir, H. (2025). Numerical study of embankment on subgrade soft soil using foam mortar reinforcement. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3317(1), 050003. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0279554
  16. Lastiasih, Y., & Mochtar, I. B. (2022). Comparison study of embankment filled with selected material and foamed mortar on toll road. Indonesian Geotechnical Journal, 1(2), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.56144/igj.v1i2.1
  17. Marradi, A., Pinori, U., & Betti, G. (2012). The use of lightweight materials in road embankment construction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 53, 1000–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.949
  18. Sari, P. T. K., & Mochtar, I. B. (2023). Causes of landslides in road embankment with retaining wall and pile foundation: A case study of national road project in Porong-Sidoarjo, Indonesia. International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology, 13(1), 42–48.
  19. Sari, P. T. K., Lastiasih, Y., & Shoffiana, N. A. (2022). Comparison of safety factor and geosyntetic reinforcement requirement for slope stability using 2-D and 3-D analysis method. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 20(4), 1016–1026. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-34051
  20. Sari, P. T. K., Putri, Y. E., Savitri, Y. R., Amalia, A. R., Margini, N. F., & Nusantara, D. A. D. (2020). The comparison between 2-D and 3-D slope stability analysis based on reinforcement requirements. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(5), 2082–2088. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.10.5.12815
  21. Zaika, Y., Charisma, N., & Nursanti, L. L. M. (2023). Lightweight geo-bead fill to prevent soft ground deposit failure. E3S Web of Conferences, 464, 08001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346408001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22630/srees.10905 | Journal eISSN: 2543-7496 | Journal ISSN: 1732-9353
Language: English
Page range: 40 - 56
Submitted on: Oct 29, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 28, 2026
Published on: Mar 31, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Putu Sari, Mohamad Ansori, Noor Endah Mochtar, Laode Vizenthe, Amanda Annida, Anggoro Atmojo, published by Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.