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Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of Indonesian toll road projects Cover

Evaluating the effectiveness of foam mortar as a lightweight fill for reducing foundation settlement on soft soils: a case study of Indonesian toll road projects

Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Volume 35 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
By: Putu Sari,  Mohamad Ansori,  Noor Endah Mochtar,  Laode Vizenthe,  Amanda Annida and  Anggoro Atmojo  
Open Access
|Mar 2026
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

FIGURE 1.

Research methodSource: own work.

FIGURE 2.

Probolinggo–Banyuwangi Toll Road project location – Section Sta 45+300–Sta 46+000Source: own work based on Google Earth orthophoto.

FIGURE 3.

Studied the location of Kediri–Kertosono Toll RoadSource: project report.

FIGURE 4.

Studied the location of Semarang–Demak Toll RoadSource: project report.

FIGURE 5.

Comparison of the effect of foam mortar percentage on settlement for two improvement methodsSource: own work.

FIGURE 6.

Effect of foam mortar percentage on rate of settlement for each ground improvement method for the Probolinggo–Banyuwangi Toll RoadSource: own work.

FIGURE 7.

Safety factor of slope for two improvement methods with varying foam mortar percentage for the Kediri–Kertosono Toll RoadSource: own work.

FIGURE 8.

Primary and secondary consolidation of soil with various percentages of foam mortar and embankment heights (Hembank) for the Kediri–Kertosono Toll RoadSource: own work.

FIGURE 9.

Effect of foam mortar content on settlement rate under different embankment loads (pre-PVD condition) for the Semarang–Demak Toll RoadSource: own work.

FIGURE 10.

Effect of foam mortar content on settlement rate under different embankment loads (post-PVD condition) for the Semarang–Demak Toll RoadSource: own work.

The parameters of common borrow material for embankment, foam mortar, and subgrade soil

ParameterCommon borrow materialFoam mortarSoil subgrade
Bulk unit weight (γ) [kN·m−3]188It varies in consistency from very soft to soft clay at depth, depending on the study location.
Undrained shear strength (Cu) [kN·m−2]00
Internal friction angle (Φ) [°]3040
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22630/srees.10905 | Journal eISSN: 2543-7496 | Journal ISSN: 1732-9353
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Language: English
Page range: 40 - 56
Submitted on: Oct 29, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 28, 2026
Published on: Mar 31, 2026
Published by: Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
foam mortar,
lightweight fill,
settlement reduction,
slope stability,
soft soil,
ground improvement
Related subjects:
Architecture and design,
Architecture,
Architects, buildings,
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Engineering,
Mechanical engineering,
Fundamentals of mechanical engineering,
Geosciences,
Geology and mineralogy

© 2026 Putu Sari, Mohamad Ansori, Noor Endah Mochtar, Laode Vizenthe, Amanda Annida, Anggoro Atmojo, published by Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License.

Volume 35 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)
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