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Investigation of failure modes and load-deflection of cold-formed steel connections using sub-assemblage frame tests Cover

Investigation of failure modes and load-deflection of cold-formed steel connections using sub-assemblage frame tests

Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Volume 34 (2025): Issue 3 (September 2025)
By: Kiagus Muhammad AminuddinORCID,  Anis SaggaffORCID,  Mahmood Md TahirORCID and  Muhammad Firdaus  
Open Access
|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

FIGURE 1.

Flowchart of the current study Source: own work.
Flowchart of the current study Source: own work.

FIGURE 2.

Cold-formed steel element Source: own work.
Cold-formed steel element Source: own work.

FIGURE 3.

Configuration of beam-column connections: (a) rectangular gusset plate, (b) rectangular gusset plate with a top-seat angle, (c) haunched gusset plate Source: own work.
Configuration of beam-column connections: (a) rectangular gusset plate, (b) rectangular gusset plate with a top-seat angle, (c) haunched gusset plate Source: own work.

FIGURE 4.

Flange cleat dimensions Source: own work.
Flange cleat dimensions Source: own work.

FIGURE 5.

Schematic diagram of the sub-assemblage frame test and boundary conditions Source: own work.
Schematic diagram of the sub-assemblage frame test and boundary conditions Source: own work.

FIGURE 6.

Instrument position on the specimen Source: own work.
Instrument position on the specimen Source: own work.

FIGURE 7.

Full-scale test using the sub-assemblage frame test method Source: own work.
Full-scale test using the sub-assemblage frame test method Source: own work.

FIGURE 8.

Deformation in the SAR-200 specimen Source: own work.
Deformation in the SAR-200 specimen Source: own work.

FIGURE 9.

Failure on the beam’s top flange Source: Own work
Failure on the beam’s top flange Source: Own work

FIGURE 10.

Lateral-torsional buckling of the beam Source: own work.
Lateral-torsional buckling of the beam Source: own work.

FIGURE 11.

Crushing failure on the beam’s top flange Source: own work.
Crushing failure on the beam’s top flange Source: own work.

FIGURE 12.

Typical failure modes of SAR specimens on (a) column and (b) beam Source: own work.
Typical failure modes of SAR specimens on (a) column and (b) beam Source: own work.

FIGURE 13.

Typical bearing failure modes of SARFC specimens on (a) column and (b) beam Source: own work.
Typical bearing failure modes of SARFC specimens on (a) column and (b) beam Source: own work.

FIGURE 14.

Typical failure modes of SARFC specimens on the joint Source: own work.
Typical failure modes of SARFC specimens on the joint Source: own work.

FIGURE 15.

Typical failure modes of HG specimens on the joint Source: own work.
Typical failure modes of HG specimens on the joint Source: own work.

FIGURE 16.

Load-deflection relation curve for SAR-200 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SAR-200 Source: own work.

FIGURE 17.

Load-deflection relation curve for SAR-250 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SAR-250 Source: own work.

FIGURE 18.

Load-deflection relation curve for SARFC-200 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SARFC-200 Source: own work.

FIGURE 19.

Load-deflection relation curve for SARFC-250 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SARFC-250 Source: own work.

FIGURE 20.

Load-deflection relation curve for SAH-200 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SAH-200 Source: own work.

FIGURE 21.

Load-deflection relation curve for SAH-250 Source: own work.
Load-deflection relation curve for SAH-250 Source: own work.

Summary of load and deflection curves

SpecimenPmax [kN]δmax [mm]P360 [kN]P200 [kN]
SAR-20070.2226.7234.2959.43
SAR-25087.7028.3946.2571.50
SARFC-200101.838.3838.6764.34
SARFC-250118.827.8760.7397.14
SAH-200108.8636.3845.4074.34
SAH-250124.7325.7868.64112.51

Cross-section of cold-formed steel

Cross-sectionDepth (d)Thickness (t)Flange width (b)Lip (l)
mm
C200242002.47516
C250242502.47520
C300243002.410025

Flange cleat connection details

SpecimensBeamColumnConnection details [mm]
tfcrfcLaLtae1ae2ap2bfc
SARFC-200C20024C3002465656532.532.585160
SARFC-250C2502465656532.532.585160

Specimen configuration details

SpecimenBeamColumnFlange cleatConnection details [mm]
tghgLge1e2p1p2p3
SAR-200C20024C30024–102006007550150100150
SAR-250C25024C30024–102506007550150150150
SARFC-200C20024C30024L 65 × 65 × 160102006007550150100150
SARFC-250C25024C30024L 65 × 65 × 160102506007550150150150
SAH-200C20024C30024–104006007550150100150
SAH-250C25024C30024–105506007550150150150
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22630/srees.10277 | Journal eISSN: 2543-7496 | Journal ISSN: 1732-9353
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Language: English
Page range: 305 - 323
Submitted on: Jan 24, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 6, 2025
Published on: Sep 30, 2025
Published by: Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
cold-formed steel,
sub-assemblage frame test,
failure mode,
load‒deflection,
experimental study
Related subjects:
Architecture and design,
Architecture,
Architects, buildings,
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other,
Engineering,
Mechanical engineering,
Fundamentals of mechanical engineering,
Geosciences,
Geology and mineralogy

© 2025 Kiagus Muhammad Aminuddin, Anis Saggaff, Mahmood Md Tahir, Muhammad Firdaus, published by Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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