Distributions of internalizing problems over time (% (n/N))
| Girls | Boys | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | |
| Depression | 11.4 (80/700) | 12.6 (83/657) | 23.9 (161/673) | <0.001 | 5.0 (39/783) | 3.3 (21/632) | 8.0 (57/709) | 0.001 |
| Suicidal ideation | 0.9 (6/685) | 0.3 (2/650) | 0.6 (4/647) | 0.4 | 1.2 (9/778) | 0.2 (1/627) | 1.0 (7/700) | 0.09 |
| Social anxiety | 9.4 (66/699) | 11.6 (76/656) | 28.3 (185/653) | <0.001 | 8.2 (64/782) | 6.0 (38/632) | 12.8 (87/679) | <0.001 |
| General anxiety | 27.0 (186/690) | 32.9 (214/650) | 38.4 (249/648) | <0.001 | 19.0 (144/757) | 15.2 (92/605) | 34.0 (233/685) | <0.001 |
| Anorexia | 14.3 (99/693) | 18.6 (121/650) | 18.6 (121/650) | 0.05 | 3.0 (23/770) | 1.3 (8/618) | 3.6 (24/676) | 0.03 |
| Bulimia | 4.8 (33/693) | 5.3 (34/647) | 0.5 (3/648) | 0.001 | 0.5 (4/768) | 0.3 (2/613) | 0.3 (2/689) | 0.7 |
| Poor subjective health | 18.4 (128/697) | 14.9 (96/643) | 27.8 (185/665) | <0.001 | 14.5 (113/778) | 9.6 (57/595) | 17.0 (116/683) | 0.001 |
| Poor self-esteem | 19.6 (136/694) | 20.8 (134/645) | 30.6 (199/650) | <0.001 | 8.9 (68/761) | 6.1 (38/619) | 9.6 (63/658) | <0.001 |
| Stress symptoms | 56.1 (393/685) | 55.3 (363/639) | 51.2 (346/642) | 0.4 | 39.0 (305/753) | 33.6 (214/597) | 50.1 (356/678) | <0.001 |
The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for externalizing problems for both sexes over time_ Age, parental education level, family structure and parental unemployment were controlled for
| Girls | Boys | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | |
| Lifetime drunkenness | ref* | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | ref | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) |
| Frequent drunkenness | ref | 2.1 (1.5–2.8) | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | ref | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) |
| Cannabis use | ref | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | ref | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) |
| Delinquency | ref | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | ref | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
| Bullying others | ref | 0.1 (0.01–0.8) | 0.2 (0.03–0.8) | ref | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.2 (0.07–0.4) |
| Playing truant | ref | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | ref | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) |
Distributions of socioeconomic characteristics in the study population (%)
| Girls | Boys | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | |
| N | 700 | 657 | 676 | 783 | 636 | 710 | ||
| Family structure | ||||||||
| mother and father | 68.7 | 77.8 | 78.0 | 0.003 | 69.7 | 77.8 | 83.1 | <0.001 |
| other family structure | 25.7 | 20.7 | 19.5 | 22.9 | 19.5 | 14.5 | ||
| missing | 5.6 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 7.4 | 2.7 | 2.4 | ||
| Both parents only basic education | ||||||||
| no | 69.4 | 79.3 | 85.2 | <0.001 | 68.7 | 87.4 | 84.6 | <0.001 |
| yes | 20.0 | 9.3 | 5.6 | 18.3 | 7.7 | 4.4 | ||
| missing | 10.6 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 11.0 | ||
| Parental unemployment past year | ||||||||
| no | 68.7 | 75.8 | 71.2 | 0.02 | 73.1 | 72.3 | 75.5 | 0.4 |
| one parent | 27.1 | 19.8 | 24.4 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 18.7 | ||
| both parents | 2.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.1 | ||
| missing | 1.3 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.7 | ||
The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for internalizing problems for both sexes over time_ Age, parental education level, family structure and parental unemployment were controlled for
| Girls | Boys | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | |
| Depression | ref* | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | ref | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) |
| Suicidal ideation | ref | 0.4 (0.1–1.9) | 0.6 (0.1–2.4) | ref | 0.8 (0.2–3.2) | |
| Social anxiety | ref | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 4.1 (3.0–5.8) | ref | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) |
| General anxiety | ref | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 3.3 (2.6–4.2) | ref | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.2 (0.8–2.8) |
| Anorexia | ref | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | ref | 0.6 (0.2–1.3) | 1.5 (0.7–2.8) |
| Bulimia | ref | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.4) | ref | 1.0 (0.2–5.7) | 1.3 (0.3–5.7) |
| Poor subjective health | ref | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | ref | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1.3 (0-9–1.8) |
| Poor self-esteem | ref | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) | ref | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) |
| Stress symptoms | ref | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | ref | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.7 (1.3–2.0) |
Distributions of externalizing problems over time (% (n/N))
| Girls | Boys | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | 2002–2003 | 2012–2013 | 2018–2019 | p * | |
| Lifetime | ||||||||
| drunkenness | 41.6 (290/697) | 21.9 (143/653) | 9.7 (63/649) | <0.001 | 38.9 (304/781) | 17.6 (110/624) | 11.1 (77/691) | <0.001 |
| Frequent | ||||||||
| drunkenness | 16.8 (117/695) | 27.0 (176/651) | 4.4 (29/662) | <0.001 | 20.4 (159/781) | 16.5 (104/629) | 4.8 (34/702) | <0.001 |
| Cannabis use | 11.1 (78/700) | 5.3 (35/656) | 5.2 (34/653) | <0.001 | 12.1 (95/782) | 9.6 (60/628) | 6.2 (43/695) | <0.001 |
| Delinquency | 18.2 (127/699) | 9.0 (59/656) | 7.2 (48/667) | <0.001 | 16.1 (126/781) | 6.5 (41/633) | 5.7 (40/702) | <0.001 |
| Bullying others | 1.9 (13/697) | 0.3 (2/650) | 0.4 (3/669) | 0.003 | 5.6 (44/781) | 2.1 (13/628) | 1.1 (8/702) | <0.001 |
| Playing truant | 4.0 (24/600) | 3.9 (22/557) | 2.8 (17/605) | 0.5 | 3.6 (25/690) | 3.1 (17/547) | 1.6 (10/625) | 0.07 |