FIGURE 1.
Sample, and sub-sample characteristics
| Full sample (N = 1,344) | Sample 1 (n = 673) | Sample 2 (n = 671) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid (n) | M (SD) | Valid (n) | M (SD) | Valid (n) | M (SD) | |
| Age | 1,336 | 14.38 (1.61) | 671 | 14.39 (1.63) | 665 | 14.37 (1.60) |
| Number of Siblings | 1,334 | 1.02 (0.87) | 670 | 1.01 (0.85) | 664 | 1.02 (0.89) |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Gender | 1,338 | 671 | 667 | |||
| Male | 626 (46.6) | 312 (46.5) | 314 (47.1) | |||
| Female | 712 (53.0) | 359 (53.5) | 353 (52.9) | |||
| School Year | 1,344 | 673 | 671 | |||
| < 9 | 191 (14.2) | 100 (14.8) | 91 (13.6) | |||
| 9 | 304 (22.6) | 151 (22.4) | 153 (22.8) | |||
| 10 | 304 (22.6) | 150 (22.3) | 154 (23.0) | |||
| 11 | 299 (22.4) | 156 (23.2) | 143 (21.3) | |||
| 12 | 246 (18.3) | 116 (17.2) | 130 (19.4) | |||
| Nationality | 1,340 | 672 | 668 | |||
| Portuguese | 1,327 (99.0) | 666 (99.1) | 661 (99.0) | |||
| Brazilian | 5 (< 1) | 3 (< 1) | 2 (< 1) | |||
| Spanish | 1 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | 0 (< 1) | |||
| French | 4 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | 3 (< 1) | |||
| Italian | 2 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | |||
| Other | 1 (< 1) | 0 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | |||
| Mother’s Education | 1,330 | 666 | 664 | |||
| < 9th Grade | 802 (60.3) | 408 (61.3) | 394 (59.3) | |||
| Secondary School | 308 (23.2) | 153 (23.0) | 155 (23.3) | |||
| Degree | 166 (12.5) | 80 (12.0) | 86 (13.0) | |||
| Post-graduate degree | 55 (4.1) | 26 (3.9) | 29 (4.4) | |||
| Father’s Education | 1,277 | 642 | 635 | |||
| < 9th Grade | 851 (66.6) | 419 (65.3) | 432 (68.0) | |||
| Secondary School | 273 (21.4) | 152 (23.7) | 121 (19.1) | |||
| Degree | 118 (9.2) | 59 (9.2) | 59 (9.3) | |||
| Post-graduate degree | 35 (2.7) | 12 (1.9) | 23 (3.6) | |||
Factors, and corresponding items, proposed by investigations of the factorial structure of the TRS
| Dowd, Milne, & Wise (1991) | Behavioural reactance 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21(r), 22, 23, 27, 28(r) | Verbal reactance 3, 5, 7(r), 9, 11(r), 14(r), 15, 18(r), 24(r), 25(r), 26 | ||
| Buboltz, Thomas, & Donnell (2002) | Resentment of authority 2, 3, 4, 10, 12 | Avoidance of conflict 21(r), 28(r) | Susceptibility to influence 7(r), 11(r), 18(r), 25(r) | Preservation of freedom 5, 15, 19, 26 |
| The present study | Resentment of authority 2, 3, 10 | Conflict seeking 4, 6, 8, 20, 22, 23 | Susceptibility to influence 11(r), 18(r), 25(r) | Preservation of freedom 5, 9, 19, 26, 27 |
Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the subscales of the JTCI and the four factors identified by our analyses
| Personality dimensions | TRS dimensions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conflict seeking | Resentment of authority | Preservation of freedom | Susceptibility to influence | |
| Novelty seeking | .49*** | .35*** | .27*** | .02 |
| Harm avoidance | -.05 | .01 | -.10 | -.27*** |
| Reward dependence | -.26*** | -.10 | .03 | -.12 |
| Persistence | -.44*** | -.21*** | .04 | .06 |
| Self-directedness | -.25*** | -.20*** | .18*** | .23*** |
| Cooperativeness | -.49*** | -.20*** | .07 | -.05 |
| Self-transcendence | .05 | .14* | .24*** | -.12 |
Factor loadings of the TRS items
| No | Item text | Factor loadings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS | PF | SI | RA | ||
| 8 | Nothing turns me on as much as a good argument | 0.74 | |||
| 6 | I enjoy playing “devil’s advocate” whenever I can | 0.51 | |||
| 23 | I consider myself more competitive than cooperative | 0.49 | |||
| 4 | I enjoy seeing someone else do something that neither of us is supposed to do | 0.48 | |||
| 20 | It is important to me to be in a powerful position relative to others | 0.47 | |||
| 22 | I enjoy showing up people who think they are right | 0.40 | |||
| 5 | I have a strong desire to maintain my personal freedom | 0.76 | |||
| 26 | I feel it is better to stand up for what I believe than to be silent | 0.57 | |||
| 19 | I am relatively opinionated | 0.55 | |||
| 9 | It would be better to have more freedom to do what I want on a job | 0.49 | |||
| 27 | I am very stubborn and set in my ways | 0.42 | |||
| 25 | I usually go along with other’s advice (inv) | 0.69 | |||
| 18 | I often follow the suggestions of others (inv) | 0.64 | |||
| 11 | I am sometimes afraid to disagree with others (inv) | 0.40 | |||
| 2 | I resent authority figures who try to tell me what to do | 0.56 | |||
| 10 | If I am told what to do, I often do the opposite | 0.44 | |||
| 3 | I find that I often have to question authority | 0.41 | |||
Spearman correlation coefficients for the TRS dimensions and the HPRS
| HPRS dimensions | TRS dimensions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conflict seeking | Resentment of authority | Preservation of freedom | Susceptibility to influence | |
| Emotional response toward restricted choice | .22*** | .23*** | .24*** | .03 |
| Resistance to compliance | .28*** | .24*** | .14*** | .00 |
| Resisting influence from others | .17*** | .16*** | .23*** | .07 |
| Reactance toward advice & recommendations | .22*** | .19*** | .06 | -.01 |