References
- Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R. Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br J Psychiatry 2003;33:537–42.
- Jacobson CM, Gould M. The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: a critical review of the literature. Arch Suicide Res 2007;11:129–47.
- Ystgaard M, Arensman E, Hawton K, Madge N, van Heeringen K, Hewitt A, et al. Deliberate self-harm in adolescents: comparison between those who receive help following self-harm and those who do not. J Adolesc 2009;32:875–91.
- Plener PL, Libal G, Keller F, Fegert JM, Muehlenkamp JJ. An international comparison of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts: Germany and the USA. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1549–58.
- Giletta M, Scholte RH, Engels RC, Ciairano S, Prinstein MJ. Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: a cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States. Psychiatry Res 2012;197:66–72.
- Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L, Havertape L, Plener PL. International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2012;6:10.
- Sourander A, Aromaa M, Pihlakoski L, Haavisto A, Rautava P, Helenius H, et al. Early predictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents. A prospective follow-up study from age 3 to age 15. J Affect Disord 2006;93:87–96.
- Barrocas AL, Hankin BL, Young JF, Abela JR. Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth: age, sex, and behavioral methods in a community sample. Pediatrics 2012;130:39–45.
- Plener PL, Schumacher TS, Munz LM, Groschwitz RC. The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: a systematic review of the literature. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2015;2:2.
- Hawton K, Saunders KE, O’Connor RC. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 2012; 379:2373–82.
- Ruuska J, Kaltiala-Heino R, Rantanen P, Koivisto AM. Psychopathological distress predicts suicidal ideation and self-harm in adolescent eating disorder outpatients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;14:276–81.
- Greydanus DE, Apple RW. The relationship between deliberate self-harm behavior, body dissatisfaction, and suicide in adolescents: current concepts. J Multidiscip Healthc 2011;4:183–9.
- Nock MK, Joiner TE Jr, Gordon KH, Lloyd-Richardson E, Prinstein MJ. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res 2006;144:65–72.
- Jacobson CM, Muehlenkamp JJ, Miller AL, Turner JB. Psychiatric impairment among adolescents engaging in different types of deliberate self-harm. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2008;37:363–75.
- Cerutti R, Presaghi F, Manca M, Gratz KL. Deliberate self-harm behavior among Italian young adults: correlations with clinical and nonclinical dimensions of personality. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2012;82:298–308.
- Hurtig T, Taanila A, Moilanen I, Nordstrom T, Ebeling H. Suicidal and self-harm behaviour associated with adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Nord J Psychiatry 2012;66:320–8.
- O’Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K. Adolescent self-harm: a school-based study in Northern Ireland. J Affect Disord 2014;159:46–52.
- Ford JD, Gomez JM. The relationship of psychological trauma and dissociative and posttraumatic stress disorders to nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidality: a review. J Trauma Dissociation 2015;16:232–71.
- Kaess M, Parzer P, Mattern M, Plener PL, Bifulco A, Resch F, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and their impact on frequency, severity, and the individual function of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth. Psychiatry Res 2013;206:265–72.
- Maniglio R. The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;124:30–41.
- Mossige S, Huang L, Straiton M, Roen K. Suicidal ideation and self-harm among youths in Norway: associations with verbal, physical and sexual abuse. Child Family Social Work 2016;21:166–75.
- Martin J, Bureau JF, Yurkowski K, Fournier TR, Lafontaine MF, Cloutier P. Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent-child relational risk. J Adolesc 2016;49:170–80.
- Yates TM. The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clin Psychol Rev 2004;24:35–74.
- Tulloch AL, Blizzard L, Pinkus Z. Adolescent-parent communication in self-harm. J Adolesc Health 1997;21:267–75.
- Groholt B, Ekeberg O, Wichstrom L, Haldorsen T. Young suicide attempters: a comparison between a clinical and an epidemiological sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:868–75.
- Prinstein MJ, Heilbron N, Guerry JD, et al. Peer influence and nonsuicidal self injury: longitudinal results in community and clinically-referred adolescent samples. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2010;38:669–82.
- You J, Lin MP, Fu K, Leung F. The best friend and friendship group influence on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013;41:993–1004.
- Hasking P, Rees CS, Martin G, Quigley J. What happens when you tell someone you self-injure? The effects of disclosing NSSI to adults and peers. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1039.
- Whitlock J. Self-injurious behavior in adolescents. PLoS Med 2010;7:e1000240.
- Richardson BG, Surmitis KA, Hyldahl RS. Minimizing social contagion in adolescents who self-injure: Considerations for group work, residential treatment, and the internet. J Ment Health Counseling 2012;34:121–32.
- O’Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Miles J, Hawton K. Self-harm in adolescents: Self-report survey in schools in Scotland. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:68–72.
- Stallard P, Spears M, Montgomery AA, Phillips R, Sayal K. Self-harm in young adolescents (12-16 years): Onset and short-term continuation in a community sample. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:328.
- Gromatsky MA, Waszczuk MA, Perlman G, Salis KL, Klein DN, Kotov R. The role of parental psychopathology and personality in adolescent non-suicidal self-injury. J Psychiatr Res 2017;85:15–23.
- Young TK, Revich B, Soininen L. Suicide in circumpolar regions: An introduction and overview. Int J Circumpolar Health 2015;74:27349.
- Elias B, Mignone J, Hall M, Hong SP, Hart L, Sareen J. Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada’s residential school system. Soc Sci Med 2012;74:1560–9.
- Kvernmo S, Rosenvinge JH. Self-mutilation and suicidal behaviour in Sami and Norwegian adolescents: prevalence and correlates. Int J Circumpolar Health 2009;68:235–48.
- Martin G, Swannell SV, Hazell PL, Harrison JE, Taylor AW. self-injury in Australia: A community survey. Med J Aust 2010;193:506–10.
- Wichstrøm L. Predictors of non-suicidal self-injury versus attempted suicide: Similar or different? Arch Suicide Res 2009;68:105–22.
- Fliege H, Lee JR, Grimm A, Klapp BF. Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2009;13:477–93.
- Green H, McGinnity Á, Meltzer H, Ford T, Goodman R. Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. Hampshire, UK and New York, USA: Palgrave, Macmillan; 2005.
- Myhre MC, Borchgrevink C, Sommerfeldt MB. [Overview of routine guides and mapping tools for detecting violence in close relationships. Report 4], www.Nkvts.No, Oslo; 2015.
- Kvernmo S, Heyerdahl S. Ethnic identity in aboriginal Sami adolescents: The impact of the family and the ethnic community context. J Adolesc 1996;19:453–63.
- Alsaker FD, Olweus D. A growth curve approach to the study of parental relations and depression in child hood. Paper Presented at the Biannual Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development; Seattle; April 1991.
- Madge N, Hewitt A, Hawton K, de Wilde EJ, Corcoran P, Fekete S, et al.. Deliberate self-harm within an international community sample of young people: Comparative findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;49:667–77.
- Bjarehed J, Lundh LG. Deliberate self-harm in 14-year-old adolescents: how frequent is it, and how is it associated with psychopathology, relationship variables, and styles of emotional regulation? Cogn Behav Ther 2008;37:26–37.
- Plener PL, Muehlenkamp JJ. A 28% rate of moderate/severe non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) from a community sample of 633 adolescents (mean age 15.5 years). Psychol Med 2007; 37:1372.
- Swannell SV, Martin GE, Page A, Hasking P, St John NJ. Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2014;44:273–303.
- Somer O, Bildik T, Kabukcu-Basay B, Gungor D, Basay O, Farmer RF. Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015;50:1163–71.
- Ystgaard M, Reinholdt NP, Husby J, Mehlum L. [Deliberate self harm in adolescents]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2003;123:2241–5.
- Larsson B, Sund AM. Prevalence, course, incidence, and 1-year prediction of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts in early Norwegian school adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008;38:152–65.
- Sornberger MJ, Heath NL, Toste JR, McLouth R. Nonsuicidal self-injury and gender: patterns of prevalence, methods, and locations among adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012;42:266–78.
- Van der Kolk BA, Perry JC, Herman JL. Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1665–71.
- Briere J, Gil E. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: prevalence, correlates, and functions. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1998;68:609–20.
- Madge N, Hawton K, McMahon EM, Corcoran P, De Leo D, de Wilde EJ, et al. Psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: findings from the Child & Adolescent self-harm in Europe (CASE) Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;20:499–508.
- Maniglio R. The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;124:30–41.
- Di Pierro R, Sarno I, Perego S, Gallucci M, Madeddu F. Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: the effects of personality traits, family relationships and maltreatment on the presence and severity of behaviours. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;21:511–20.
- Eriksen AM, Hansen KL, Javo C, Schei B. Emotional, physical and sexual violence among Sami and non-Sami populations in Norway: The SAMINOR 2 questionnaire study. Scand J Public Health 2015;43:588–96.
- Brzozowski JA, Taylor-Butts A, Johnson S. Victimization and offending among the Aboriginal population in Canada. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 85-002-XIE. Ottawa: Jurista Canada Centre for Justice Statistics; 2006.
- Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Borges G, et al. Childhood adversities as risk factors for onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 2010;197:20–7.
- Ohmann S, Schuch B, Konig M, Blaas S, Fliri C, Popow C. Self-injurious behavior in adolescent girls. Association with psychopathology and neuropsychological functions. Psychopathology 2008;41:226–35.
- Pawlowska B, Potembska E, Zygo M, Olajossy M, Dziurzynska E. Prevalence of self-injury performed by adolescents aged 16-19 years. Psychiatr Pol 2016;50:29–42.
- Hankin BL, Abela JR. Nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: Prospective rates and risk factors in a 2½ year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res 2011;186:65–70.
- Wilcox HC, Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Pinchevsky GM, O’Grady KE. Longitudinal predictors of past-year non-suicidal self-injury and motives among college students. Psychol Med 2012;42:717–26.
- Swanson SA, Colman I. Association between exposure to suicide and suicidality outcomes in youth. CMAJ 2013;185:870–7.
- Randall JR, Nickel NC, Colman I. Contagion from peer suicidal behavior in a representative sample of American adolescents. J Affect Disord 2015;186:219–25.
- Brent DA, Bridge J, Johnson BA, Connolly J. Suicidal behavior runs in families. A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1145–52.
- Brent DA, Melhem NM, Oquendo M, et al. Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: a 5.6-year prospective study. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:160–8.
- Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT. Risk factors for serious suicide attempts among youths aged 13 through 24 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1174–82.
- Enns MW, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, de Graaf R, Ten Have M, Sareen J. Childhood adversities and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts: A longitudinal population-based study. Psychol Med 2006;36:1769–78.
- Pompili M, Innamorati M, Szanto K, Di Vittorio C, Conwell Y, Lester D, et al. Life events as precipitants of suicide attempts among first-time suicide attempters, repeaters, and non-attempters. Psychiatry Res 2011;186:300–5.
- Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod R. Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Am J Prev Med 2010;38:323–30.
- Mersky JP, Reynolds AJ. Child maltreatment and violent delinquency: Disentangling main effects and subgroup effects. Child Maltreat 2007;12:246–58.
- Schilling EA, Aseltine RH, Gore S. The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations. Soc Sci Med 2008;66:1140–51.
- Mazza JJ. The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptomatology and suicidal behavior in school-based adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2000;30:91–103.
- Waldrop AE, Hanson RF, Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Naugle AE, Saunders BE. Risk factors for suicidal behavior among a national sample of adolescents: implications for prevention. J Trauma Stress 2007;20:869–79.
- Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Triantafyllou K, Tarrier N. Suicidality and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015;50:525–37.
- Young R, Sweeting H, West P. Prevalence of deliberate self harm and attempted suicide within contemporary Goth youth subculture: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2006;332:1058–61.
- Patton GC, Coffey C, Posterino M, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. Parental ‘affectionless control’ in adolescent depressive disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:475–80.
- Baetens I, Claes L, Onghena P, et al. Is non-suicidal self-injury associated with parenting and family factors? J Early Adolescence 2013;50:527–30.
- Andrews T, Martin G, Hasking P, Page A. Predictors of onset for non-suicidal self-injury within a school-based sample of adolescents. Prev Sci 2014;15:850–9.
- Hafen C, Laursen B. More problems and less support: Early adolescent adjustment forecasts changes in perceived support from parents. J Family Psychology 2009;23:193–202.
- Huh D, Tristan J, Wade E, Stice E. Does problem behavior elicit poor parenting? A prospective study of adolescent girls. J Adolesc Res 2006;21:185–204.
- Randell BP, Wang WL, Herting JR, Eggert LL. Family factors predicting categories of suicide risk. J Child Family Studies 2006;15:247–62.
- Dieserud G, Gerhardsen RM, van den Weghe H, Corbett K. Adolescent suicide attempts in Baerum, Norway, 1984-2006. Crisis 2010;31:255–64.
- Hasking P, Andrews T, Martin G. The role of exposure to self-injury among peers in predicting later self-injury. J Youth Adolesc 2013;42:1543–56.
- Deliberto TL, Nock MK. An exploratory study of correlates, onset, and offset of non-suicidal self-injury. Arch Suicide Res 2008;12:219–31.
- Lewis SP, Heath NL, St Denis JM, Noble R. The scope of nonsuicidal self-injury on YouTube. Pediatrics 2011;127:e552–7.
- Evans E, Hawton K, Rodham K. Suicidal phenomena and abuse in adolescents: a review of epidemiological studies. Child Abuse Negl 2005;29:45–58.
- Safer DJ. Self-reported suicide attempts by adolescents. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997;9:263–9.
- Wichstrøm L. [Suicide attempt among Norwegian youth: results from the survey Young in Norway]. Suicidologi 2008;13:28–31.