References
- Adhikari L. 2010. High-level aminoglycoside resistance and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in nosocomial Enterococci. J Global Infect Dis. 2:231–235.
- Arias C, Contreras G, Murray B. 2010. Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 16:10.
- Chow J, Zervos M, Lerner S, LA T, Donabedian S, Jaworski D, Tsai S, Shaw K, Clewell D. 1997. A novel gentamicin resistance gene in Enterococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:511–514.
- CLSI 2015. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Twenty fourth informational supplement M100–s24. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
- Dutka-Malen S, Evers S, Courvalin P. 1995. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 33:24–27.
- Edmond M, Ober J, Dawson J, Weinbaum D, Wenzel R. 1996. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia: natural history and attributable mortality. Clin Infect Dis. 23:1234–1239.
- Eliopoulos GM, Gold H. 2001. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: mechanisms and clinical observations. Clin Infect Dis. 33:210–219.
- Emaneini M, Khoramian B, Jabalameli F, Beigverdi R, Asadollahi K, Taherikalani M, Lari AR. 2016. Prevalence of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in an Iranian hospital. J Prev Med Hygiene 57:E197–E200.
- Faron M, Ledeboer N, Buchan B. 2016. Resistance mechanisms, epidemiology, and approaches to screening for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the health care setting. J Clin Microb. 54:2436–2447.
- Gardete S, Tomasz A. 2014. Mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest. 124:2836–2840.
- Garneau-Tsodikova S, Labby K. 2016. Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics: Overview and perspectives. Med Chem Comm. 7:11–27.
- Hashem Y, Amin H, Essam T, Yassin A, Aziz R. 2017. Biofilm formation in enterococci: genotype-phenotype correlations and inhibition by vancomycin. Sci Rep. 7:5733.
- Heidari H, Hasanpour S, Ebrahim-Saraie H, Motamedifar M. 2017. High incidence of virulence factors among clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates in Southwestern Iran. Infect Chemother. 49:51–56.
- Hollenbeck B, Rice L. 2012. Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus. Virulence 3:421–569.
- Kajihara T, Nakamura S, Iwanaga N, Oshima K, Takazono T, Miyazaki T, Izumikawa K, Yanagihara K, Kohno N, Kohno S. 2015. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of enterococcal infections in Nagasaki, Japan: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 15:426.
- Kao S, You I, Clewell D, Donabedian S, Zervos M, Petrin J, Shaw K, Chow J. 2000. Detection of the high-level aminoglycoside resistance gene aph(2”)-Ib in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicro Agents Chemother. 44:2876–2879.
- Karimi H, Motevalian SA, Momeni M, Ghadarjani M. 2015. Financial burden of burn injuries in Iran: a report from the burn registry program. Ann. Burns Fire Disasters 28:310–314.
- Kobayashi I, Kanayama A, Matsuzaki K, Nishida M, Nakatogawa N, Kaneko A. 2003. High-level gentamicin-resistant isolates of oral streptococci and Aerococcus from blood specimens. J Infect Chemother. 9:21–24.
- Komiyama E, Lepesqueur L, Yassuda C, Samaranayake L, Parahitiyawa N, Balducci I, Kogaito C. 2016. Enterococcus species in the oral cavity: prevalence, virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility. PLoS ONE. 11:e0163001.
- Lan Y, Li K, Zhang H, Huang S, Rehman M, Zhang L, Luo H, Wang L, Han Z, Shahzad M, Li J. 2016. Prevalence of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci isolated from Tibetan pigs. Pak Veterinary J. 36:503–505.
- Miller W, Munita J, Arias C. 2014. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev. Anti-Infective Ther. 12:1221–1236.
- Norbury W, Herndon DN, Tanksley J, Jeschke MG, Finnerty CC. 2016. Infection in Burns. Surgical Infect. 17:250–255.
- Olawale K, Fadiora S, Taiwo S. 2011. Prevalence of hospital-acquired enterococci infections in two primary-care hospitals in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 5:40–46.
- Osuka H, Nakajima J, Oishi T, Funayama Y, Ebihara T, Ishikawa H, Saito K, Koganemaru H, Hitomi S. 2016. High-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium causing invasive infection: Twelve-year surveillance in the Minami Ibaraki Area. J Infect Chemother. 22:61–63.
- Pan W, Chen C. 2012. Incidence of and risk factors for infection or colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients in the intensive care unit. PLoS ONE 7:e47297.
- Ramirez M, Tolmasky M. 2010. Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug Resist Updat. 13:151–171.
- Sakoulas G, Nonejuie P, Joseph V, Nancy P, Crum-Cianflone N, Haddadd F. 2013a. Treatment of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with daptomycin plus ceftaroline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57:4042–4045.
- Sakoulas G, Nonejuie P, Nizet V, Pogliano J, Crum-Cianflone N, Haddad F. 2013b. Treatment of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with daptomycin plus ceftaroline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57:4042–4045.
- Tsai S, Zervos M, Clewell D, Donabedian S, Sahm D, Chow J. 1998. A new high-level gentamicin resistance gene, aph(2’’)-Id, in Enterococcus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 42:1229–1232.
- Udo E, Al-sweih N, John P, Jacob L, Mohanakrishnan S. 2004. Characterization of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci in Kuwait hospitals. Microb Drug Resist. 10:139–45.
- Vakulenko S, Donabedian S, Voskresenskiy A, Zervos M, Lerner S, Chow J. 2003. Multiplex PCR for detection of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 47:1423–1426.
- Wendelbo Ø, Jureen R, Eide G, Digranes A, Langeland N, Harthug S. 2003. Outbreak of infection with high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (HLGRE) in a Norwegian hospital. Clin Microb Infect. 9:662–669.
- Werner G, Coque T, Hammerum A, Hope R, Hryniewicz W, Johnson A. 2008. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveill. 13.