A Longitudinal Network Analysis of the German Knowledge Economy from 2009 to 2019: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics at the City–Firm Nexus

Silke Zöllner; Stefan Lüthi; Alain Thierstein

doi:10.21307/joss-2020-005

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A Longitudinal Network Analysis of the German Knowledge Economy from 2009 to 2019: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics at the City–Firm Nexus

Journal of Social Structure

Volume 21 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)

By: Silke Zöllner, Stefan Lüthi and Alain Thierstein

Open Access

|Nov 2020

Figures & Tables

Schematic representation of our two-mode network.

Table 1.

Changes in network 2009–2019.

	2009	2019		Change
Network density	0.086	0.099		□
Number of ties	2227	2559	640 new ties 308 deleted ties 1919 maintained ties	□
Jaccard index				0.669

Change in indegree distribution for the German FUAs.

Table 1.

Modeling results.

	Null model			Full model
	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio
Density	−1.0048	(0.0398)	0.0435	−3.6868	(0.2869)	0.0304
Preferential attachment				0.4078	(0.0560)	0.0209
Spatial proximity				0.0070	(0.0021)	0.0162
Employment				0.8598	(0.1261)	0.0154
Location expansion				1.0295	(0.1279)	0.0286
Network closure				0.0132	(0.0013)	0.0354
Assortativity				−0.3041	(0.0391)	0.0450
Overall max. convergence ratio			0.0435			0.2342

1 Estimates in bold are significant at p<0.001; estimates for all effects have reached convergence.

Table 2.

Descriptive and modeling results for the three sectors.

	Financial sectors	Service sectors	Creative sectors
Sub-sectors	Banking and finance, insurance	Law, accounting, management/IT consulting	Information and communication services, Design, architecture and engineering, advertising and media
#x03A3;	35 firms	56 firms	36 firms
Jaccard index	0.750	0.723	0.518
Preferential attachment	−0.01	0.06	0.01
FUA employment	0.22	0.60	0.88
Location expansion	–	0.04	0.04
Assortativity	–	−0.03	–

1 Estimates in bold are significant at p<0.001 (for financial sectors: p<0.1); estimations for all effects have reached convergence. A dash means that this effect has not been tested.

Table 4.

Translation of effects to be tested into RSiena.

Hypothesis	Effect	RSiena name	ForFormula
		Density effect	$s_{i} (x) = x_{i} + x_{i} + \underset{j}{-} x_{i j}$ s: effect; i: focal actor x _i+: outgoing tie from i x _ij=1 indicates presence of a tie from i to j x _ij =0 indicates absence of a tie from i to j
1	Firm activity	Outdegree-related activity (sqrt) effect	$s_{i} (x) = {x_{i +}}^{1.5} = x_{i +} \sqrt{x_{i +}}$
2	Preferential attachment	Indegree-related popularity (sqrt) effect	$s_{i} (x) = \underset{j}{-} x_{i j} \sqrt{x_{+ j}} = \underset{j}{-} x_{i j} \sqrt{\underset{h}{-} x_{h j}}$ Sum of the square roots of the indegrees of the others to whom i is tied
3	Firm-FUA assortativity	Out/in degree^(1/2) assortativity	$s_{i} (x) = \underset{j}{-} x_{i j} x_{i +}^{1 / 2} x_{j +}^{1 / 2}$ Differential tendency for actors with high outdegrees to be tied to actors with high indegrees
4	Network closure	Number of four-cycles	$s_{i} (x) = \frac{1}{4} \underset{j, k, h all different}{-} x_{i j} x_{i k} x_{h j} x_{h k}$
5	Spatial spread	XW → X closure of covariate	X: network in the role of the dependent variable W: effects that determine the dynamics of network X (here: geographic distance) $s_{i} (x) = \underset{j - h}{-} x_{i j} x_{i h} w_{h j}$

6	(FUA employment)	Covariate-related popularity	$s_{i} (x) = \underset{j}{-} x_{i j} v_{j}$ Sum of the covariate over all actors to whom i has a tie

	Null model			Model 1			Model 2			Full model
	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio	Estimate	Standard error	Convergence t-ratio
Density	−1.0048	(0.0398)	0.0435	−4.4373	(0.1566)	−0.0639	−5.4984	(0.3784)	−0.0069	−3.6868	(0.2869)	0.0304
Preferential attachment				0.4466	(0.0155)	−0.0730	0.4583	(0.0377)	0.0122	0.4078	(0.0560)	0.0209
Spatial proximity				0.0151	(0.0016)	−0.0308	0.0076	(0.0019)	−0.0746	0.0070	(0.0021)	0.0162
Location expansion							0.2874	(0.0504)	−0.0303	1.0295	(0.1279)	0.0286
Network closure							0.0007	(0.0006)	−0.0152	0.0132	(0.0013)	0.0354
FUA employment										0.8598	(0.1261)	0.0154
Assortativity										−0.3041	(0.0391)	0.0450
Overall max. convergence ratio	0.0435			0.0754			0.1570			0.2342

1 Estimates in bold are significant at p<0.001; estimates for all effects have reached convergence.

Banking and finance
Deutsche Bank	HSH Nordbank AG
Commerzbank AG	Kreissparkasse Köln
DZ Bank AG	Deutsche Postbank AG
Landesbank Baden-Württemberg	DekaBank Deutsche Girozentrale
BayernLB	Berliner Volksbank
Hamburger Sparkasse AG	Gruppe Deutsche Börse
Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen	ING-DiBa AG
Sparkasse Köln Bonn	Aareal Bank AG
NordLB

Logistics (3p and 4p)
Deutsche Post AG	Hellmann Worldwide Logistics GmbH & Co. KG
Schenker AG	Hermes Germany GmbH
DACHSER Group SE & Co. KG	TNT Express GmbH
General Logistics Systems Germany GmbH & Co. KG	Rudolph Logistik Gruppe GmbH & Co. KG
Fiege Logistik	Oldendorff GmbH & Co. KG
Rhenus SE & Co. KG	Hapag-Lloyd AG
Kühne & Nagel (AG & Co.) KG

Design, architecture and engineering
Bilfinger SE	Brunei GmbH
HOCHTIEF Solutions AG	Altran Group
EDAG Engineering GmbH	Formel D GmbH
Bertrandt AG	Fichtner GmbH & Co. KG
FERCHAU Engineering GmbH	Drees & Sommer SE

Advertising and media
Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH	BBDO Group Germany GmbH
Axel Springer SE	DuMont Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG
Hubert Burda Media Kommaditgesellschaft	Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG
Heinrich Bauer Verlag KG	Ernst Klett Aktiengesellschaft
Verlagsgruppe Passau GmbH	Rheinisch-Bergische Verlagsgesellschaft mbH
ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE	Süddeutscher Verlag GmbH

Law
Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer	Beiten Burkhardt
CMS Hasche Sigle	Gleiss Lutz
Clifford Chance	Rödl & Partner
Linklaters	Heuking Kühn Lüer Wojtek
Hengeler Mueller	Baker & McKenzie
Taylor Wessing	Allen & Overy
White & Case	Latham & Watkins
Luther

Accounting
PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH	LBH-Steuerberatungsgesellschaft mbH
Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	DHPG
Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	BUST
KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	FIDES Revision KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
BDO AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
Treuhand Hannover GmbH	Buchstelle Landesbauernverband
ADS Allgemeine Deutsche Steuerberatungsgesellschaft mbH	Solidaris Revisions-GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
BSB-GmbH	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
Ebner Stolz	Dornbach
Warth & Klein Grant Thornton AG	FALK GmbH & Co KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
PKF Fasselt Schlage Partnerschaft mbB	ALPHA Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft Rechtsanwälte	WTKOM AG
MUNKERT • KUGLER + PARTNER	BANSBACH GMBH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
Mazars GmbH & Co. KG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft	Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
	CURACON GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
	WTS Group Aktiengesellschaft Steuerberatungsgesellschaft

Information and communication services
Microsoft Deutschland GmbH	Bechtle AG
DB Systel GmbH	Finanz Informatik GmbH & Co. KG
Atos IT Solutions and Services GmbH	DATEV
Fiducia & GAD IT AG	SAP SE
Software AG	1&1 Versatel GmbH
United Internet Media GmbH	Lufthansa Systems GmbH & Co. KG
Computacenter AG & Co. oHG	Vodafone GmbH

Management and IT-consulting
GfK SE	The Boston Consulting Group GmbH & Co. KG
Accenture GmbH	Itelligence AG
McKinsey & Company Inc.	Aareon AG
msg group GmbH	GFT Technologies
BearingPoint GmbH	Capgemini Deutschland GmbH
Sopra Steria GmbH	SQS Software Quality Systems AG
CANCOM SE	Roland Berger GmbH
Materna GmbH Information & Communications	Deloitte Consulting GmbH

Insurance
Allianz SE	ARAG SE
R+V Versicherung AG	WWK Lebensversicherung aG
Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG	DEVK Deutsche Eisenbahn Versicherung Sach- und
Generali Versicherung AG	HUK-Versicherungsverein aG Betriebliche
HUK-COBURG Haftpflicht-Unterstützungs-Kasse	Sozialeinrichtung der Deutschen Bahn
kraftfahrender Beamter Deutschlands a.G.	VHV Vereinigte Hannoversche Versicherung aG
AXA Konzern AG	Continentale Krankenversicherung aG
Gothaer Versicherungsbank VVaG	HDI Haftpflichtverband der Deutschen Industrie VVaG
Nürnberger Lebensversicherung AG	Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung aG
SV SparkassenVersicherung	Basler Versicherung AG

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/joss-2020-005 | Journal eISSN: 1529-1227

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Language: English

Page range: 107 - 133

Published on: Nov 25, 2020

Published by: International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA)

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Intra-firm networks,

Spatio-temporal dynamics,

Stochastic actor-oriented models,

Two-mode networks,

Germany,

Advanced producer services

Related subjects:

Social sciences,

Social sciences, other

© 2020 Silke Zöllner, Stefan Lüthi, Alain Thierstein, published by International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 21 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)

A Longitudinal Network Analysis of the German Knowledge Economy from 2009 to 2019: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics at the City–Firm Nexus

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Table 1.

Figure 3.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 4.

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