Table 1.
Populations and species of nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis investigated in this study
| Entomopathogenic nematode species | Population | Origin | ITS sequence (GenBank accession number) |
|---|---|---|---|
| S. feltiae | RS-5 | Switzerland | KJ938569 |
| AM-25 | Portugal | MG551674 | |
| RM-107 | Spain | MW480131 | |
| Koppert | Commercial | - | |
| S. carpocapsae | MG-596a | Switzerland | MZ914694 |
| Koppert | Commercial | - | |
| H. bacteriophora | MG-618b | Switzerland | MZ914695 |
| AM-203 | Portugal | MG551676 | |
| RM-102 | Spain | MW480132 | |
| Koppert | Commercial | - |
Table S1.
Statistical analysis of the effect of two factors (infective juvenile concentration and EPN population) and their interactions (GLM, P < 0.05) for the variables percentage of adult emercence for Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and the larval mortality percentage and number of days to kill the last instar larvae of T. absoluta. Analysis performed considering each of the popualtions of the three species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb), Steinernema feltiae (Sf), and S. carpocapsae (Sc).
| Insect species | Variable | EPN species or populations | Concentration (C) | Population (P) | Interaction C*P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. occidentalis | % Adult emercence | Hb populations | F = 5.474, P = 0.020 | F = 8.357, P < 0.001 | F = 4.757, P = 0.001 |
| Sf populations | F = 1.564, P = 0.211 | F = 15.374, P < 0.001 | F = 1.533, P = 0.190 | ||
| Sc populations | F = 6.951, P = 0.009 | F = 11.103, P < 0.001 | F = 4.636, P = 0.010 | ||
| T. absoluta | % Adult emercence | Hb populations | F = 9.885, P = 0.002 | F = 15.925, P < 0.001 | F = 4.067, P = 0.003 |
| Sf populations | F = 0.963, P = 0.327 | F = 7.794, P < 0.001 | F = 0.496, P = 0.739 | ||
| Sc populations | F = 10.655, P = 0.001 | F = 7.080, P = 0.001 | F = 2.178, P = 0.114 | ||
| % Larval mortality | Hb populations | F = 14.531, P < 0.001 | F = 90.407, P < 0.001 | F = 1.468, P = 0.210 | |
| Sf populations | F = 7.649, P = 0.006 | F = 1609.766, P < 0.001 | F = 1.278, P = 0.277 | ||
| Sc populations | F = 18.917, P < 0.001 | F = 340.796, P < 0.001 | F = 2.989, P = 0.051 | ||
| No. Days to kill | Hb populations | F = 9.455, P = 0.002 | F = 4.973, P = 0.001 | F = 3.367, P = 0.010 | |
| Sf populations | F = 1.686, P = 0.195 | F = 39.515, P < 0.001 | F = 11.649, P < 0.001 | ||
| Sc populations | F = 5.179, P = 0.023 | F = 11.109, P < 0.001 | F = 7.471, P = 0.001 |
Figure 1:
Intraspecific virulence of various populations from three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapase, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) against Frankliniella occidentalis. (A) Percentage of F. occidentalis adult emergence after the application of four H. bacteriophora populations. (B) Percentage of F. occidentalis adult emergence after the application of four S. feltiae populations. (C) Percentage of F. occidentalis adult emergence after the application of two S. carpocapsae populations. Each population was applied in two concentrations: 500 JIs (160/cm2) and 250 JIs (80 IJs/cm2). Different small letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD) for the low concentration analysis. Different capital letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Above each species, asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment t student comparisons at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Values are least-square means ± SE.
Table S2.
Statistical analysis of the effect of infective juvenile (IJs) concentration (ANOVA, P < 0.05) for the variables percentage of adult emercence for Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and the larval mortality percentage and number of days to kill the last instar larvae of T. absoluta. Analysis performed considering the popualtions of each the three species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb), Steinernema feltiae (Sf), and S. carpocapsae (Sc).
| Insect species | Variable | EPN populations | 500 IJs | 250 IJs (F. occidentalis) 100 IJs (T. absoluta) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. occidentalis | % Adult emercence | Hb populations | F 4,499 = 10.192, P < 0.001 | F 4,489 = 3.006, P = 0.018 |
| Sf populations | F 4,550 = 11.148, P < 0.001 | F 4,549 = 5.714, P < 0.001 | ||
| Sc populations | F 2,292 = 6.766, P = 0.001 | F 2,303 = 8.734, P < 0.001 | ||
| T. absoluta | % Adult emercence | Hb populations | F 4,398 = 19.722, P < 0.001 | F 4,398 = 2.007, P = 0.093 |
| Sf populations | F 4,398 = 4.140, P = 0.003 | F 4,399 = 4.149, P = 0.003 | ||
| Sc populations | F 2,239 = 17.490, P < 0.001 | F 2,239 = 0.465, P = 0.629 | ||
| % Larval mortality | Hb populations | F 4,443 = 64.645, P < 0.001 | F 4,439 = 33.101, P < 0.001 | |
| Sf populations | F 4,473 = 1001.35, P < 0.001 | F 4,439 = 681.218, P < 0.001 | ||
| Sc populations | F 2,271 = 243.946, P < 0.001 | F 2,278 = 133.477, P < 0.001 | ||
| No. Days to kill | Hb populations | F 4,327 = 3.169, P = 0.014 | F 4,476 = 4.737, P < 0.001 | |
| Sf populations | F 4,388 = 40.353, P < 0.001 | F 4,378 = 22.344, P < 0.001 | ||
| Sc populations | F 2,473 = 0.917, P = 0.401 | F 2,178 = 13.606, P < 0.001 |
Table S3.
Statistical analysis of the effect of the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) infective juvenile (IJs) concentration (ANOVA, P < 0.05) for the variables percentage of adult emercence for Frankliniella occidentalis and Tuta absoluta, and the larval mortality percentage and number of days to kill the last instar larvae of T. absoluta. Analysis performed considering the control (C), and each of the populations of the three species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb), Steinernema feltiae (Sf), and S. carpocapsae (Sc).
| EPNs or populations | Insects | Variable | Comparative between concentrations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. bacteriophora | C | Koppert | RM-102 | AM-203 | MG-618b | ||
| F. occidentalis | % Adult emercence | t 188 = 2.475, P = 0.016 | t 198 = 0.153, P = 0.879 | t 198 = 3.545, P = 0.001 | t 198 = 1.929, P = 0.055 | t 198 = 1.845, P = 0.067 | |
| T. absoluta | % Adult emercence | t 158 = 1.856, P = 0.065 | t 158 = 1.105, P = 0.271 | t 158 = 1.426, P = 0.156 | t 157 = 3.398, P = 0.001 | t 157 = 3.117, P = 0.002 | |
| % Larval mortality | t 182 = 0.046, P = 0.963 | t 174 = 2.383, P = 0.018 | t 174 = 2.766, P = 0.006 | t 174 = 1.465, P = 0.145 | t 174 = 1.898, P = 0.060 | ||
| No. Days to kill | t 38 = 0.103, P = 0.919 | t 111 = 3.198, P = 0.002 | t 139 = 3.406, P = 0.002 | t 150 = 1.431, P = 0.155 | t 159 = 0.272, P = 0.786 | ||
| S. feltiae | C | Koppert | RM-107 | RS-5 | AM-25 | ||
| F. occidentalis | % Adult emercence | t 299 = 0.028, P = 0.979 | t 198 = 2.288, P = 0.023 | t 198 = 0.880, P = 0.380 | t 198 = 0.721, P = 0.472 | t 198 = 0.423, P = 0.673 | |
| T. absoluta | % Adult emercence | t 158 = 0.532, P = 0.595 | t 158 = 0.157, P = 0.875 | t 157 = 0.566, P = 0.572 | t 158 = 0.476, P = 0.635 | t 158 = 1.432, P = 0.154 | |
| % Larval mortality | t 185 = 1.211, P = 0.289 | No calcule* P = 1.0 | t 190 = 2.032, P = 0.045 | t 188 = 2.011, P = 0.045 | No calcule* P = 1.0 | ||
| No. days to kill | t 10 = 2.066, P = 0.066 | t 189 = 0.570, P = 0.569 | t 186 = 4.723, P < 0.001 | t 184 = 2.882, P = 0.004 | t 189 = 2.043, P = 0.045 | ||
| S. carpocapsae | C | Koppert | MG-596a | ||||
| F. occidentalis | % Adult emercence | t 216 = 0.804, P = 0.422 | t 177 = 3.692, P < 0.001 | t 198 = 1.601, P = 0.111 | |||
| T. absoluta | % Adult emercence | t 158 = 0.532, P = 0.595 | t 158 = 2.313, P = 0.022 | t 158 = 2.761, P = 0.006 | |||
| % Larval mortality | t 165 = 1.445, P = 0.153 | t 190 = 2.285, P = 0.025 | t 190 = 4.241, P < 0.001 | ||||
| No. Days to kill | t 30 = 0.210, P = 0.835 | t 186 = 0.169, P = 0.866 | t 166 = 4.884, P < 0.001 | ||||
Figure 2:
Intraspecific virulence of various populations from three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapase, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) against pupa of Tuta absoluta. (A) Percentage of T. absoluta adult emergence after the application of four H. bacteriophora populations. (B) Percentage of F. occidentalis adult emergence after the application of four S. feltiae populations. (C) Percentage of F. occidentalis adult emergence after the application of two S. carpocapsae populations. Each population was applied in two concentrations: 500 JIs (21/cm2) and 100 JIs (4 IJs/cm2). Different small letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD) for the low concentration analysis. Different capital letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Above each species, asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment t student comparisons at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Values are least-square means ± SE.
Figure 3:
Intraspecific virulence of various populations from three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapase, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) against last instar Tuta absolua. (A) Percentage of T. absoluta larval mortality after the application of four H. bacteriophora populations. (B) Percentage of T. absoluta larval mortality after the application of four S. feltiae populations. (C) Percentage of T. absoluta larval mortality after the application of two S. carpocapsae populations. Each population was applied in two concentrations: 500 JIs (21/cm2) and 100 JIs (4 IJs/cm2). Different small letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD) for the low concentration analysis. Different capital letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Above each species, asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment t student comparisons at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Values are least-square means ± SE.
Figure S1:
Intraspecific virulence of various populations from three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) species (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapase, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) against last instar Tuta absolua. A. Number of days to kill T. absoluta larvae after the application of four H. bacteriophora populations. B. Number of days to kill T. absoluta larvae after the application of four S. feltiae populations. C. Number of days to kill T. absoluta larvae after the application of two S. carpocapsae populations. Each population was applied in two concentrations: 500 JIs (21/cm 2 ) and 100 JIs (4 IJs/cm 2 ). Different small letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD) for the low concentration analysis. Different capital letters indicate significant differences in Tukey’s test (HSD). Above each species, asterisks indicate significant differences within treatment t student comparisons at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and n.s., not significant. Values are least-square means ± SE.