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Morphological and molecular characterization of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Iotonchidae) from Lao Cai Province, Vietnam Cover

Morphological and molecular characterization of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Iotonchidae) from Lao Cai Province, Vietnam

Open Access
|Jul 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Holotype female Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Female. A. Head region. B. Pharyngo-intestinal junction. C. Vulval region with advulval ventromedian papillary structures. D. Tail terminus. E. Tail region. F. Female reproductive systems. Scale bar: A, B, C, D = 20 µm, E = 100 µm.
Holotype female Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Female. A. Head region. B. Pharyngo-intestinal junction. C. Vulval region with advulval ventromedian papillary structures. D. Tail terminus. E. Tail region. F. Female reproductive systems. Scale bar: A, B, C, D = 20 µm, E = 100 µm.

Figure 2:

Paratype male Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Male. A. Head region. B. Tail region. C. Spicule, gubernaculum and accessory piece. Scale bar: A, C = 20 µm, B = 100 µm.
Paratype male Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Male. A. Head region. B. Tail region. C. Spicule, gubernaculum and accessory piece. Scale bar: A, C = 20 µm, B = 100 µm.

Figure 3:

Holotype female Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. A. Head region. B. Amphidial aperture. C. Entire body. D. Reproductive system. Scale bars indictaed.
Holotype female Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. A. Head region. B. Amphidial aperture. C. Entire body. D. Reproductive system. Scale bars indictaed.

Figure 4:

Paratype male Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Male. A. Head region. B. Head region with protruding papillae. C. Reproductive system with spicule, gubernaculum and lateral guiding piece. D. Tail region with ventromedian supplements. Scale bars indicated.
Paratype male Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. Male. A. Head region. B. Head region with protruding papillae. C. Reproductive system with spicule, gubernaculum and lateral guiding piece. D. Tail region with ventromedian supplements. Scale bars indicated.

Figure 5:

Phylogenetic relationships of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. among other Mononchida, from the analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences under ML (T92+G model (BIC = 5,919.848, AICc = 5,216.912; lnL = ‒2,524.232, G = 0.23, R = 1.78, f(A) = 0.284, f(T) = 0.284, f(C) = 0.216, f(G) = 0.216)). Numbers to the left of the branches are bootstrap values for 1,000 replications.
Phylogenetic relationships of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. among other Mononchida, from the analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences under ML (T92+G model (BIC = 5,919.848, AICc = 5,216.912; lnL = ‒2,524.232, G = 0.23, R = 1.78, f(A) = 0.284, f(T) = 0.284, f(C) = 0.216, f(G) = 0.216)). Numbers to the left of the branches are bootstrap values for 1,000 replications.

Figure 6:

Phylogenetic relationships of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. among other Mononchida, from the analysis of the 28S rDNA sequences under ML (K2+G model (BIC = 2,373.292, AICc = 2,087.600; lnL = ‒1,000.469, G = 0.23, R = 2.00, f(A) = 0.25, f(T) = 0.25, f(C) = 0.25, f(G) = 0.25)). Numbers to the left of the branches are bootstrap values for 1,000 replications.
Phylogenetic relationships of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. among other Mononchida, from the analysis of the 28S rDNA sequences under ML (K2+G model (BIC = 2,373.292, AICc = 2,087.600; lnL = ‒1,000.469, G = 0.23, R = 2.00, f(A) = 0.25, f(T) = 0.25, f(C) = 0.25, f(G) = 0.25)). Numbers to the left of the branches are bootstrap values for 1,000 replications.

Morphometrics of females and Males of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n_ sp_ from Lao Cai Province, Vietnam_

Bat Xat Natural Reserve
Characters/ratiosHolotypeParatypes
n 1 female4 females6 males
L 36433768–5163 (4519 ± 585)2950-4230 (3487± 530)
a 49.249.8-59.2 (56.3 ± 4.4)44.1-51.5 (48.9 ± 2.8)
b4.84.9-5.4 (5.1 ± 0.2)4.7-5.4 (5.0 ± 0.3)
c6.44.5-6.3 (5.6 ± 0.8)5.3-5.9 (5.6 ± 0.2)
c′12.214.4-19.0 (15.7 ± 2.2)8.2-13.1 (10.4 ± 1.7)
V (%)58.354.2-59.4 (55.9 ± 2.4)
Lip region height16.518.0-21.0 (19.8 ± 1.5)14.5-17.5 (16.3 ± 1.1)
Lip region width50.052.5-70 (59.5 ± 7.5)46-52 (48.3 ± 2.7)
Buccal cavity length7369.5-88.5 (79.6 ± 8.961.5-67.2 (64.1 ± 2.2)
Buccal cavity width41.541.0-54.0 (46.9 ± 6.1)36.0-41 (37.9 ± 1.6)
Position of tooth apex from the base of buccal cavity16.716.5-19.5 (17.7± 1.5)14-17 (15.5 ± 1.5)
Nerve ring from anterior end190210-244 (226.4± 15.1)154-204 (174.9 ± 20.0)
Excretory pore from anterior end225224-271 (253 ± 22.2)180.8-232 (204 ± 21.8)
Pharynx length761.0770-975.7 (870 ± 98.5)627.7-789.3 (693.2 ± 70.9)
Anterior branch of genital system341341-477 (424 ± 37)
Posterior branch of genital system314314-462 (406 ± 38)
Maximum body width74.075.5-87.0 (80.0 ± 5.1)60.0-82.0 (71.0 ± 8.0)
Anal body width46.848.0-58.0 (52.0 ± 4.4)55.0-63.0 (59.8 ± 3.3)
Rectum/cloaca length49.249.0-53.0 (51.5 ± 1.8)55-64 (59.5 ± 3.4)
Vagina length34.036.5-38.5 (37.7 ± 1.0)
Spicule length130-141 (136.8 ± 4.1)
Spicule width at widest part8.0-11 (9.3 ± 1.4)
Lateral guiding piece length17.5-23.5 (19.6 ± 2.9)
Gubernaculum length39.5-44 (42.3± 1.7)
Number of supplements13-14
Distance from cloacal opening to posteriormost supplement20.5-23 (21.4 ± 1.0)
Distance from cloacal opening to anterior most supplement201-241.5 (218.9 ± 15.8)
Tail length572694-974 (818 ± 125.3)500-798 (623 ± 114)

Compendium of the species belonging to the genus Iotonchus (Cobb, 1917)_

Species n L a b c c' V B.C.L.B.C.W.%DTSpinneretFemale gonadSpicule lengthNumber SupplsCountryReference
abrahmami 9♀♀2.7-340-514.6-5.05.8-12.35.9-12.864-7242-4727-3133-36TerminalPseudo-prodelphic Malaysia Loof (2006)
2♂♂2.7-2.8544.7-4.86.88.3-8.5 42-4325-26 90-9111
acuticaudus 11♀♀1.9-2.129-343.8-4.79.1-11.86.1a71-7540-5028-3223aSubdorsalMonodelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
11♂♂2.0-2.427-344.0-4.49.5-11.84.3a 40-4527-31 78-886-8
Acutus 10♀♀1.8-2.232-395.3-612-15.54.3a61-6637-3824-2628aNoDidelphic South Africa Heyns and Lagerwey (1965)
10♂♂1.4-1.928-404.4-5.513.2-15.62.7a 26-3717-23 67-839-12
4♀♀1.7-2.431-41 13.6-183.9a63-6639-4320-27 NoDidelphic USA Mulvey (1963a)
aequabilis ?♀♀2.2-2.536-435.4-5.634-411.3-1.870-7244-4828-33 NoDidelphic Ukraine Susulovsky (1998)
aequatorialis 5♀♀2.2-2.420-304.4-4.74.3-4.88.3-1051-54.457-6532-38.523aTerminalDidelphic EcuadoVinciguerra and Orselli (2006)
anisostomus 1♀1.72303.712.95a68401723aTerminalMonodelphic Thailand Buangsuwon and Jensen (1966)
arcuatus 8♀♀1.7-1.835-414.4-4.74.9-69.2-10.555-5738-4124-2824-34NoDidelphic Japan Khan et al. (2000)
apapillatus 8♀♀2.7-3.535-394.4-4.710-134.3-5.862-7467-8040-4419-27TerminalDidelphic India Dhanam and Jairajpuri (1998)
3♂♂2.9414.6-4.711-152.9-4.3 64-6734-35 125-13817-19
baqrii 9♀♀1.5-1.728-374.0-4.65-712.2a62-7032-3728-3229-34SubventralMonodelphic India Jairajpuri (1969)
9♂♂1.5-1.731-354.3-4.85-76.8a 28-3224-2625-28 80-939-10
basidontus 6♀♀1.7-2.425-323.7-4.36.5-8.66.6a55-6048a30a25TerminalDidelphic New zealandClark (1960)
1♂2303.98.64.8a 83a14
brachylaimus 1♀3.233.34.8173.7a6564a53a TerminalDidelphic USA Mulvey (1963a), (after Cobb, 1917)
1♂3.5405.317 9516
carpathicus 13♀♀2.5-3.531-444.2-5.14.3-6.612.1a56.5-6046-6236-5223-35NoDidelphic Romania Popovici (1990)
16♂♂2.1-3.733-474.3-5.14.9-6.7 47-5733-50 72-10011-13
chantaburensis 4♀♀0.8-124-323.5-4.53.8-4.9 59-6422-259-14 TerminalMonodelphic Thailand Buangsuwon and Jensen (1966)
6♀♀0.9-124-263.8-3.95.8-66.7-7.463-6526-3014-17 SubventralMonodelphic India Mohadas and Prabhoo (1979)
clarki 6♀♀1.7-228-343.9-5.24.6-5.98.8a52-5840-4323-2920aNoDidelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
consimilis ?♀♀2.8-3.534-414.5-4.96.6-7.67.3a68-6960-6337-40 TerminalMonodelphic Brazil, Hawaii Mulvey (1963a), (after Cobb, 1917)
cucumis 5♀♀2.9-3.239-444.2-4.310.7-12.24.7-5.264-6657-6034-3923TerminalDidelphic Korea Khan et al. (2002)
cuticaudatus 12♀♀2.8-330-374.6-5.87-105.5-7.862-64.557-6533-3722-25TerminalDidelphic India Jana et al. (2007)
7♂♂2.3-3.130-394.4-5.49.6-14.53.1-3.6 50-5726-30 123-13311-15
damsanensis 3♀♀1.6-1.720-222.9-317-1.71.7-2.271-7558-6135-3729-32NoDidelphic Korea Choi and Khan (2000)
devius 1♀2.437.54.26.59.569543026NoMonodelphic Côte d’Ivoire Siddiqi (2001)
geminus 8♀♀1.7-2.125-303.9-4.512.4-143.4a65-6838-4322-2429aTerminalDidelphic South Africa Heyns and Lagerwey (1965)
7♂♂1.7-1.928-334.0-4.814.6-17.52.5a 37-3918-20 77-8811-14
globibucca ?♀♀2.43157.18.2595437 NoDidelphic India Dhanam and Jairajpuri (2002)
goshiensis 4♀♀1.5-1.628-303.7-4.124-261.7-1.963-6540-4226-2724-25NoDidelphic Japan Khan et al. (2008)
guineae 1♀23347.17.170583420aTerminalMonodelphic Guinae Siddiqi (2001)
2♂♂1.9-2.035-433.9-4.75.9-6.96.9-8.3 4726-27 74-894-6
gymnolaimus 1♀2.9404.27.19a675740 TerminalMonodelphic Fiji, Brazil, USA Mulvey (1963a), (after Cobb, 1917)
hinokumaensis 4♀♀2-2.233-444.7-5.49.4-10.85.3-6.160-6337-4024-2626-27NoDidelphic Japan Khan et al. (2008)
3♂♂2.1-2.341-444.4-5.48.7-9.35.9-6.3 38-4024-25 68-759-11
indicus 28♀♀1.5-221-324.0-4.85-810a57-6540-4728-3223-25SubventralDidelphic India Jairajpuri (1969)
kilumicus 4♀♀2.6-2.750-574.9-5.24.0-4.517-1853-5543-4823-2523-27SubventralDidelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
3♂♂2.4-2.549-574.9-5.14.1-4.613-14.6 41-4318-19 63-7310-11
kirbyi 5♀♀3-3.340-464.2-4.66.8-7.87.8-9.167-7258-6432-3326aTerminalPseudo–prodelphic FijiSiddiqi (1984)
4♀♀2.8-3.337-403.6-4.213.5-17.83.1-4.272-7460-6231-33
kirghistanicus ?♀♀1.4-1.820-233.2-3.723-281.5-272-754230 NoDidelphic Kirghistan Sultanalieva (1983)
?♂1.619-223.3-3.820-25 22
koupensis 4♀♀2.1-2.530-364.1-4.24.1-5.58-1154-5857-6029-3019-20SubventralDidelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
1♂1.8294.55.87.2 4924 9012
lacuplanarum 2♀♀239-454.66.1-6.210.263-6436-372624-25SubventralMonodelphic New Caledonia Yeates (1992)
3♂1.8-2.138-454.2-4.96.1-7.27.4-8.9 32-3523-2927-29 47-579-12
lamottei 4♀♀1.632-354.1-4.47.2-7.96.4a65-6633-4125-2722aNoMonodelphic Côte Malcevschi (1981)
1♂1.63148.34.1a 3522 509d’Ivoire
litoralis 2♀♀2.1-2.324-26510-114.5a61-6261a42a25TerminalDidelphic South Coetzee (1967b)
2♂♂2.6-2.836-374-5162.7a 104-11215-17Africa
1♀2.7344.115.13.6685439 TerminalDidelphic South Africa De Bruin and Heyns (1992)
2♂♂2.6-2.835-374.4-4.718.4-212.2-2.6 4932-35 107-11113-14
longisaccus 2♀♀1.8-2.432-384.19.1-10.95.2-5.47150-6025-3128aTerminalMonodelphic Côte Siddiqi (2001)
1♂2.35473.97.37.8 5425 884d’Ivoire
loteniae 3♀♀1.9-234-424.3-5.17.3-8.66.8-9.561-6830-3822-2529aNoDidelphic South Africa De Bruin and Heyns (1992)
lotilabiatus 5♀♀3.8-5.250-594.9-5.44.5-6.312-2054-5970-8841-5422-23TerminalDidelphic VietnamCurrently paper
6♂♂3-4.244-524.7-5.45.3-5.98.2-13 62-6736-4121-25 130-14113-14
magyar 1♀4.2384.9860.769512640NoDidelphic Hungary Andrássy (1973)
mboticus 2♀♀2.2-2.342-445.2-5.34.2-4.314-14.752-53402323aSubdorsalDidelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
3♂♂2.0-2.146-475.3-5.64.0-4.412-13.5 37-3919-20 56-6210
miamaensis 9♀♀3.2-3.544-504.6-5.07.6-8.47.5-8.360-6164-7242-4524-27TerminalDidelphic Japan Khan and Araki (2002)
5♂♂2.8-3.145-484.5-4.711.2-143.5-4.7 57-6234-40 127-13812-13
microdontus 4♀♀1.2-1.329-313.7-3.95.7-6 61-6434-3619-20 TerminalMonodelphic SingaporeThong (1970)
muneris 3♀♀1.5-1.633-364.1-4.44.1-4.711-13.758-6236-3719-2017-19SubventralMonodelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
nayari 13♀♀2.3-2.731-344.2-4.612-164.0-4.962-6755-6434-3827-28TerminalDidelphic India Mohadas and Prabhoo (1979)
4♂♂2.2-2.531-334.1-4.613-16.52.5-2.9 52-5428-30 117-12615-16
8♀♀2.3-2.727-344.0-4.610-12 65-7051-5432-36 TerminalDidelphic India Khan and Jairajpuri (1980)
10♂♂2.3-2.630-374.1-4.710-13 112-13112-16
ndu 8 ♀♀1.8-2.739-474.3-4.94.3-6.98-1550-5746-5421-2724-26SubventralDidelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
3♂♂1.8-2.242-454.3-4.84.4-6.98.9-11.7 45-5021-22 66-7510-12
nepotum 7♀♀1-1.222-253.1-3.813-162.2-2.866-7036-4022-2317-20TerminalMonodelphic Papua New Guinea Andrássy (2008)
nigeriensis 11♀♀1.6-1.925-353.9-4.610-135.4a68-7236-4021-2923aNoMonodelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
11♂♂1.4-1.728-363.9-4.512-163.3a 32-3520-23 63-706-8
ogiensis 4♀♀2-2.333-364.1-4.418-202.7-3.362-6338-4124-2624NoDidelphic Japan Khan et al. (2008)
2♂♂2.1-2.332-344.4-4.614-152.5-2.7 45-4725-28 90-9512-14
obtusus 1♀2.8334.261168614521NoDidelphic Korea Choi et al. (1999)
onchus 2♀♀2.4-2.535-364.6-4.87-87615533-3526-28NoDidelphic Korea Jairajpuri et al. (2000)
1♂2.1344.685 503023 8211
parabasidontus 7♀♀2.2-2.626-374.3-4.97.2-8.76.9a56-6048-5529-3223aTerminalDidelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
5♂♂2.0-2.429-384.3-4.79.1-11.24.2a 42-5025-2826a 9013-15
1♀1.724.44.36.66.5584926 Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
paracutus 2♀♀1.9-2.223-265-5.19.4-10.43.5-4.662-6357-6835-4023aNoDidelphic Italia Vinciguerra and Orselli (2000)
2♂♂1.623-244.610-11.32.8-3.0 52.530-32.5 57.5-6610-11
parageminus 31♀♀1.8-2.439-535.1-6.217-24.92.5-4.363-6929-4020-2725-37SubdorsalDidelphic Spain Jiménez-Guirado (1994)
20♂♂1.7-2.236-535.1-6.124-321.6-2.2 27-3418.5-21.5 53.5-679-13
paratrichurus 5♀♀1.4-1.527-354.2-4.63.6-4.113.5-1555-5830-3215.5-1723-25SubventralMonodelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
2♀♀1.3-1.423-254.3-4.53.1-3.910.3-13 3017-19
pauli 5♀♀1.3-1.635-424.8-5.18.4-9.36.2a59-6329-3018-1930aNoDidelphic South Africa Heyns and Lagerwey (1965)
6♂♂1.3-1.438-454.6-5.110-11.23.7a 26-2914-15 52-538-9
pseudodigonicus 6♀♀1.4-1.631-344.2-4.74.1-4.7 60-6336-3925-2731-36SubventralPseudo-prodelphic India Ahmad and Jairajpuri (1983)
4♂♂1.4-1.733-414.4-4.74.6-5.1 60-646-8
pusillus 14♀♀0.7-124-303.6-4.37.0-8.14.7-6.963-6722-2410-1320-29NoMonodelphic Malaysia Loof (2006)
recessus 1♀2.1434.65.81163382626SubventralMonodelphic New Caledonia Yeates (1992)
rayongensis 1♀2374.99.57.7a57462233aSubdorsalDidelphic Thailand Buangsuwon and Jensen (1966)
rinae 5♀♀1.5-1.830-38514-154.2a68-7234a22a29TerminalDidelphic South Coetzee (1967b)
12♂♂1.7-1.931-40515-193.2a 60-7011-12Africa
10♀♀1.4-1.927-353.9-4.510-13.33.6-5.161-7029-3918-24 TerminalDidelphic South Africa De Bruin and Heyns (1992)
8♂♂1.3-1.728-374.1-5.114-17.72.5-2.8 66-746-11
risoceiae 1♀3.3334.68.96.2a64584729aTerminalDidelphic South Africa Heyns and Lagerwey (1965)
4♀♀2.7-3.434-374.5-4.78-106.3a60-6453-6432-40 TerminalDidelphic India Khan and Jairajpuri (1980)
?♂♂3.1-3.736-394.5-5.111 14-18India Ahmad and Jairajpuri (2010)
rotundicaudatus 29♀♀2.3-2.845-635.9-7.755-1080.8-1.462-6932-4523-2525-32NoDidelphic Spain Peña Santiago and Jiménez–Guirado (1991)
sacculatus 3♀♀1.7-2.128-354.4-4.57.6-8.06.3-6.670-7253-5530-3113-15aSubdorsalMonodelphic Guinea Siddiqi (2001)
3♂♂1.5-1.835-393.9-4.56.8-8.25.3-5.5 40-4922-26 76-798-9
sagaensis 4♀♀2.5-2.940-424.1-4.69.3-115.3-660-6558-6038-4023-27TerminalDidelphic Japan Khan et al. (2000)
5♂♂2.2-2.639-46.54.1-4.611.5-143.2-4.5 46-5530-32 102-10910-12
silvallus 4♀♀1.4-1.927-364.0-4.34.8-5.411.3a62-6541-4224-2527-29SubventralMonodelphic India Ahmad and Jairajpuri (1983)
singaporensis 16♀♀1-1.2336-413.7-4.25.1-6.76.3-8.359-6531-3318-1929-33TerminalMonodelphic Sigapore Ahmad et al. (2005)
southi 8♀♀1.8-2.631-383.7-4.56-78-1166-8046-5425-3126-31SubventralMonodelphic India Dhanam and Jairajpuri (1998)
1♂2.2354.395 522424 7612
stockdilli 9♀♀3.3-4.341-495.2-5.97.1-8.87.4-10.258-7350-5732-4133aNoDidelphic New Zealand Yeates (1988)
9♂♂3.2-3.745-545.1-67.9-9.26.2-7.5 48-5528-41 68-7011-12
tarjani 21♀♀1.7-2.227-414.4-5.93.3-4.016a47-5140-4323-2723aNoDidelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
2♂♂1.6-1.734-394.3-4.44 3823 60-65?
3♀♀2.1-2.434-374.1-5.54.1-4.515-1751-5444-4722-2619aNoDidelphic Cameroon Siddiqi (2001)
tenuidentatus 10♀1.9-2.528-354.0-4.54.9-5.610a53-5745-5227-3123aSubventralDidelphic Nigeria Mulvey and Jensen (1967)
togoensis 4♀♀2.2-2.841-484.8-5.24.4-5.912.6-1751.5-5949-5023-2426aTerminalDidelphic Togo Siddiqi (2001)
transkeiensis 2♀♀1.5-1.628-354.57.3-7.96.7a6236-3821-2331aNoDidelphic South Africa Heyns and Lagerwey (1965)
6♀♀1.6-1.738-483.7-5.76.0-7.28.7a56-6632-3521-2536.4aNoDidelphic Thailand Buangsuwon and Jensen (1966)
trichurus ?♀1.234.54.8315-20522817 Australia, Fiji, Brazil, Nigeria, Mauritius Mulvey (1963a), (after Cobb, 1917)
?♀♀1.3-2.128-463.5-5.43-515-2053-6220-3520-25 TerminalMonodelphic Mulvey (1963a)
?♂1.7284.43.6 788-10
7♀♀1.3-1.637-413.7-4.73.4-413-1854-6026-2816-1825-27TerminalMonodelphic India Jairajpuri (1969)
1♀1.7374.641661301626SubventralMonodelphic Costa RicaZullini et al. (2002)
uisongensis 7♀♀1.5-1.623-262.8-3.217-19.42.0-2.467-7352-6331-36.527-36NoDidelphic Korea Choi and Khan (2000)
5♂♂1.5-1.724-273.2-3.319.6-231.4-1.6 52-5830-34 75-9220-22
zullinii 20♀♀1.3-227-363.8-4.79.6-13.34a69-7633-4122-2722aSubdorsalMonodelphic Côte Malcevschi (1981)
8♂♂1.3-229-373.9-4.610.3-133a 32-3720-24 68-737-10d’Ivoire
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-066 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 22
Published on: Jul 27, 2021
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2021 Tam T. T. Vu, Thi Mai Linh Le, Thi Duyen Nguyen, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.