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Reclaimed desert habitats favor entomopathogenic nematode and microarthropod abundance compared to ancient farmlands in the Nile Basin

Journal of Nematology
Volume 53 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)
By:
Open Access
|Apr 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Steinernema based on sequencing reads of the ITS-2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.
Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Steinernema based on sequencing reads of the ITS-2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.

Figure 2:

Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Heterorhabditis based on sequencing reads of the ITS_2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.
Phylogenetic relationships of ASVs identified in the genus Heterorhabditis based on sequencing reads of the ITS_2 region as inferred by the Maximum Likelihood method and Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. All reference sequences are indicated by the NCBI accession numbers. The reference sequences were employed to confirm the right identification of each ASV in the phylogram. C. elegans was used as a global outgroup.

Figure 3:

Upper view, (A) sequencing reads abundance of the 6 entomopathogenic nematode species identified in El-Beheira (samples E01:E30) and Al-Qualibiya (samples E33:E60) and (B) number of sites where EPN species detected. Relative abundances of the entomopathogenic nematode species ASVs detected by metabarcoding in El-Beheira (C), and Al-Qualibaya (D).
Upper view, (A) sequencing reads abundance of the 6 entomopathogenic nematode species identified in El-Beheira (samples E01:E30) and Al-Qualibiya (samples E33:E60) and (B) number of sites where EPN species detected. Relative abundances of the entomopathogenic nematode species ASVs detected by metabarcoding in El-Beheira (C), and Al-Qualibaya (D).

Figure 4:

Principal component analysis microarthropods family sequencing reads from samples collected in Beheira (n = 8) and Qualibiya (n = 8) (A) and Redundancy analyses depicting biplot of relationships between abiotic factors and soil microarthropods from both citrus ecoregions (B).
Principal component analysis microarthropods family sequencing reads from samples collected in Beheira (n = 8) and Qualibiya (n = 8) (A) and Redundancy analyses depicting biplot of relationships between abiotic factors and soil microarthropods from both citrus ecoregions (B).

Figure 5:

Non-parametric Spearman’s correlations ( N  = 16) between abiotic factors and those acari families with most prominent differences between the two regions (Table 3). Positive correlations are displayed in blue and negative correlations in red. Color intensity and the size of the circle are proportional to the correlation coefficients. Significant P-values are shown.
Non-parametric Spearman’s correlations ( N  = 16) between abiotic factors and those acari families with most prominent differences between the two regions (Table 3). Positive correlations are displayed in blue and negative correlations in red. Color intensity and the size of the circle are proportional to the correlation coefficients. Significant P-values are shown.

Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacterial species previously detected in Egypt_

Nematode species/genusAuthorityReferences
Heterorhabdits spp.Poinar, 1976 Shamseldean and Abd-Elgawad, 1994; Salama and Abd-Elgawad, 2001; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
Steinernema spp.Travassos, 1927
H. bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 Abd-Elgawad and Nguyen, 2007
H. egyptii Abd-Elgawad and Ameen, 2005Abd-Elgawad and Ameen, 2005
H. indica Poinar, Karunakar & David, 1992Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012; Shehata et al., 2019
H. taysearae Shamseldean, Abou El-Sooud, Abd-Elgawad & Saleh, 1996 Shamseldean et al., 1996
H. baujardi Phan Subbotin, Nguyen & Moens, 2003Abd El-Rahman, 2006
S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982 Abd-Elbary et al., 2012; Abd-Elgawad et al., 2013
S. abbasi Elawad, Ahmad and Reid, 1997Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
S. carpocasae (Weiser, 1955) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012
S. kushidai Mamiya, 1988Shamseldean and Atwa, 2004
S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky, 1967) Wouts, Mracek, Gerdin and Bedding, 1982Abu-Shady et al., 2011; Abd-Elbary et al., 2012

Microarthropod families whose occurrence differ significantly in two regions ecoregions evaluated by non-parametric test Kruskal-Wallis_

TaxaKruskal–Wallis test
Ascidae0.0008***
Tydeidae0.0031**
Rhodacaridae0.0031**
Ologamasidae0.0082**
Oehserchestidae0.0107*
Ereynetidae0.0273*
Eupodidae0.0273*
Damaeidae0.0645.
Oppiidae0.0645.
Terpnacaridae0.0645.
Laelapidae0.0738.

Soil characteristics in the two regions of the citrus orchards in Egypt_

VariableGovernorateMean ± SEMin–MaxRegional differences Hi
Sand % El Beheira63.28 ± 5.2120.8–88.8< 0.0001***0.0046**
Al Qalyubia23.39 ± 0.9212.8–36.8
Silt % El Beheira16.67 ± 2.72–440.0001***0.0028**
Al Qalyubia35.07 ± 0.4428–38
Clay % El Beheira20.09 ± 2.589–45.2< 0.0001***0.0044**
Al Qalyubia41.61 ± 0.6335.2–53.2
OM% El Beheira1.81 ± 0.230.11–3.940.0038**n.s.
Al Qalyubia2.904 ± 0.121.93–4.75
EC(1:5) El Beheira0.307 ± 0.040.12–1.30.0013**0.0326*
Al Qalyubia0.3518 ± 0.020.2–0.6
pH El Beheira7.44 ± 0.076.6–80.0068**0.0013**
Al Qalyubia7.04 ± 0.231–7.6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-047 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 13
Published on: Apr 26, 2021
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
Entomopathogenic nematodes,
Microarthropods,
Biogeography,
Survey
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2021 Alexandros Dritsoulas, Fahiem E. El-Borai, Ibrahim E. Shehata, Mostafa M. Hammam, Ramadan M. El-Ashry, Moawad M. Mohamed, Mahfouz M. Abd-Elgawad, Larry W. Duncan, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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