Figure 1:
Localization of the Rhabditolaimus ulmi dauer juveniles in pupae (A, B) and imago (C, D) of the beetle vector Scolytus multistriatus. A – on the elytra primordia; B – at the oviposititor opening; C, D – on the elytrae of imago. Scale: 1 mm for D, 2 mm for rest.
Figure 2:
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Male head; B – Female head; C – Head of molting juvenile (the molt of J4 into male); D – Male anterior part; E – Female tail; F – Male tail; G – Male genital system; H – Female genital system. Scale: 50 µm for D, G, H; 10 µm for rest.
Figure 3:
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Female anterior part; B – Male tail, lateral view; C – Male tail, ventral view; D – Female tail, lateral view; E, F – Female genital system sections; G – Female with J2 in eggshell (arrow, ovoviviparity). The location of the fragments (E: I-V) is shown in the diagram (F). Fragments: I – Mature oocyte before reverse movement along the oviduct to uterus; II – anterior spermatheca and oviduct; III – anterior uterus with maturating egg; IV – vulva, vagina and uteral chamber bordered by two sphincters; V – posterior spermatheca and oviduct. an – anus; bb – basal bulb; cd – cardia; ch – cheilostom; du – duct between spermatheca and uterus; e – egg; ex – excretory pore; gb – gubernaculum; gm – gymnostom; GR-I:1…GR-IV:4 – groups of ribs on the bursa alae: I…IV – number of the group, P+1… 4 – number of papillae in a group; mao – mature oocyte; mb – median bulb of pharynx; nr – nerve ring; oc – oocyte; ov – ovary; phm – phasmid, pr – head probolae; prc – procorpus of pharynx; s – spermatheca; sg – stegostom; sp – spicules, sph – sphincter; tt – tail tip; uch – uteral chamber; ut – uterus; v – vulva; va – vagina. Scale: 50 µm for G; 20 µm for rest.
Figure 4:
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. SEM. A, B – Female cephalic region. C – Male cephalic region; anterior annulus (aa), cephalic papilla (cp), amphid (am), lip papillae (lp), probolae (pr), oral opening (oo). D – Female excretory pore (ex) and deirid (di). E – Male lateral field at mid-body, lateral field ridges (fr), outer body ridges (ou). F – Vulva (vu) with vulval pore-like papilla (vp), wrinkled zone (wz) and smooth zone (sz). G, H – Female anus (an): G – Ventral view; H – Lateral view with a minute phasmid (psm). I – Male tail with caudal papillae, ventral view. P1 – unpaired precloacal papilla, OP1…OP7 – papillae on bursal alae, P2…P3 – inner papillae on ventral side of tail; cloacal opening (cl), pore-like phasmid (psm), ventral cultcular ridge (vr). J – Cloacal opening with spicule tips (sc) and P1 unpaired papilla. K – Tail end with OP3, group of OP4-OP6 papillae and phasmid (psm). L, M – OP7 papillae: L – Ventral view, M – Dorsal view. N – Female tail.
Figure 5:
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. The development in egg. A to D – Embryo cleavage; E – Juvenile J1; F to I – Juvenile J2 at different focal levels; J – Egg shell with a longitudinal slit indicating the place from where the juvenile coming away. Scale 20 µm.
Figure 6:
The juvenile development stages of males (left) and females (right). J1 .. J4 – juvenile stage numbers; pairs J2 to J3 .. J3-J4 – the molt of the junior stage to the senior one indicated by the stages numbers. hd – head; ph – pharynx; tl –tail. Scale 50 µm.
Figure 7:
The development of juveniles of the propagative generation. A – Juvenile J1 in egg; B – Juvenile J2 in egg; genital primordia and anal regions of juveniles: C, D – Juvenile J2; E, F – Molt J2-J3; G, H – Juvenile J3 (female); I, J – Juvenile J4 (female); K, L – Juvenile J3 (male); M, N – Molt J3-J4 (male); O, P – Juvenile J4 (male, early molt phase); Q – Molt J4 – male; R, S – Molt J4 – female: R – Only anterior branch of genital primordium; S – Tail of molting female J4 (arrows – shed cuticule). gp – genital primordium; mb – median bulb of pharynx; me – meiosis; mi – mitosis; sd – spermatids. Scale: 50 µm for Q to S; 20 µm for rest.
Figure 8:
Molt of pre-adult juveniles J4 to adult male and female. Male tail (A) and its anterior part (B); Female: tail (C), Vulval region (D), Anterior part (E). an – anus; bs – bursa; gb – gubernaculum; hd – head with shed cuticle; sp – spicule; tl – tail. Scale: 20 µm.
Figure 9:
Dauer juveniles J3D of the transmissive generation and the juveniles J3 of the propagative generation (males). Total outline: A, B – Dauer juvenile; C – Juvenile J3 of propagative generation; anterior part and pharynx: D – Dauer, E – Juvenile J3; head: F – Dauer, G – Juvenile J3; Genital primordium (male): H – Dauer, I – Juvenile J3. Scale: 50 µm for A, B, C; 20 µm for D, E; 10 µm for F to I.
Table 1.
Measurements (in µm) and ratios of Rhabditolaimus ulmi adults.
| Character/sex | Adult male | Adult female |
|---|---|---|
| n | 20 | 20 |
| L | 715 ± 148 (557-1007) | 804.6 ± 139.2 (633-1012) |
| Body width | 20.7 ± 5.2 (15.5-28.0) | 27.0 ± 7.0 (19.0-36.0) |
| Stoma | 35 ± 4 (29-40) | 34.2 ± 3.6 (31-41) |
| Corpus (pro- and metacorpus) | 41 ± 3 (34-47) | 43 ± 4 (36-47) |
| Pharynx | 130.6 ± 12.3 (112-149) | 132.5 ± 11.7 (116-146) |
| Lip region width | 6.4 ± 0.9 (5.5-8.0) | 6.9 ± 1.0 (5.5-8.0) |
| Nerve ring from anterior end | 101.7 ± 12.7 (84-127) | 102.6 ± 8.6 (90-112) |
| Excretory pore from anterior | 107.5 ± 13.1 (92-134) | 111.6 ± 9.8 (97-127) |
| Tail | 28 ± 7 (19-39) | 83 ± 8 (68-92) |
| Anal body width | 12.2 ± 1.7 (10-15) | 12.4 ± 2.2 (10-16) |
| Genital tube length (GTL) | 411 ± 100 (295-586) | 403 ± 172.7 (204-760) |
| Genital tube width (GTW) | 19 ± 8.8 (9.5-35.5) | 27.6 ± 9.0 (15.5-39.0) |
| Spicule length along arc | 45.9 ± 6 (34.5-53.0) | – |
| V % | – | 56 ± 2 (55-60) |
| a | 35.1 ± 4.4 (27.8-39.9) | 30.6 ± 4.6 (26.1-38.0) |
| b | 5.4 ± 0.7 (4.8-6.8) | 6.1 ± 0.6 (5.3-6.9) |
| c | 25.8 ± 4.0 (20.5-33.4) | 9.7 ± 1.0 (8.5-11.5) |
| c′ | 2.3 ± 0.4 (1.7-3) | 6.8 ± 1.0 (5.5-8.2) |
| Stoma/corpus | 0.81 ± 0.02 (0.79-0.85) | 0.82 ± 0.06 (0.74-0.87) |
| Stoma/pharynx | 0.28 ± 0.01 (0.26-0.27) | 0.27 ± 0.02 (0.25-0.29) |
| Corpus L/diam. | 3.4 ± 0.3 (2.7-3.8) | 3.2 ± 0.3 (2.7-3.6)) |
| Corpus/pharynx | 0.31 ± 0.03 (0.29-0.37) | 0.32 ± 0.01 (0.30-0.36) |
| Pharynx anter./post. | 0.60 ± 0.01 (0.59-0.61) | 0.61 ± 0.04 (0.55-0.65) |
| GTL/GW | 24.8 ± 10.8 (13.5-41.4) | 14.7 ± 4.4 (10.8-23.3) |
| GTL/L, % | 60 ± 10 (40-70) | 50 ± 20 (30-90) |
Table 2.
Measurements (in µm) and ratios of Rhabditolaimus ulmi juveniles.
| Character/stage | J2 in egg | J2 free | J3 male | J3 female | J4 male | J4 female | Dauer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5 | 10 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 10 |
| L | 190 ± 11.6 (176-200) | 290.2 ± 31.4 (246-352) | 358 ± 48 (292.6-427) | 354.4 ± 38.6 (298-423) | 475.6 ± 51.4 (373-558) | 526.4 ± 66.8 (409-666) | 338.8 ± 13.7 (326-354) |
| Body width | 6.4 ± 0.6 (5.5-7.0) | 7.8 ± 1.2 (5.5-10.5) | 9.7 ± 1.5 (7.5-12.5) | 9.6 ± 1 (7.5-12.0) | 11.6 ± 1.1 (10-14) | 12.6 ± 1.4 (9.5-16.5) | 8.3 ± 0.3 (8.0-8.5) |
| Stoma | 18 ± 3 (14-20) | 23 ± 2 (21-26) | 25 ± 2 (23-29) | 25 ± 2 (23-29) | 29 ± 2 (26-33) | 30 ± 2 (25-35) | 10 ± 1 (9-11) |
| Corpus (pro- & metacorpus) | 22 ± 2 (20-24) | 25 ± 2 (22-28) | 27 ± 3 (21-31) | 26 ± 3 (23-32) | 33 ± 4 (28-41) | 36 ± 5 (30-46) | 33 ± 3 (30-37) |
| Pharynx | 74.9 ± 12.9 (59-90) | 91.7 ± 3.3 (86-97) | 97 ± 7.4 (83-109) | 92.6 ± 7.1 (87-111) | 107.4 ± 7.8 (92-117) | 119.4 ± 6.5 (106-132) | 86.5 ± 3.9 (83-92) |
| Lip region width | 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.5-2.0) | 3.7 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.5) | 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.5-4.5) | 3.9 ± 0.7 (2.5-5.0) | 4.5 ± 0.7 (3.5-6.0) | 5.0 ± 0.8 (3.5-6.5) | 4.2 ± 0.1 (4.0-5.5) |
| Nerve ring from anterior | – | 66.2 ± 3.6 (61-76) | 73.1 ± 5 (64-81) | 70.7 ± 5.8 (62-80) | 83 ± 9.2 (65-96) | 88.6 ± 5.4 (81-99) | 61.5 ± 1.7 (60-64) |
| Excretory pore | – | 66.8 ± 4 (62-72) | 79 ± 5 (73-86) | 77 ± 5 (73-83) | 84 ± 2 (82-86) | 85 ± 2 (83-87) | 65.4 ± 1.3 (64-671) |
| Tail | 15 ± 3.9 (11-19) | 46.3 ± 6.1 (35-60) | 56.8 ± 9.2 (42-68) | 55 ± 7.6 (38-65) | 67.4 ± 6.6 (50-78) | 71 ± 11 (41-88) | 49.1 ± 0.5 (48-50) |
| Anal body width | 3.5 ± 0.7 (2.5-4.0) | 5.6 ± 0.8 (4.0-7.0) | 7.3 ± 0.9 (5.5-8.5) | 6.9 ± 0.9 (5.0-8.5) | 8.9 ± 1.1 (7.5-11.5) | 11 ± 1.6 (9.0-13.5) | 5.3 ± 0.3 (5.0-6.0) |
| Genital primordium length (GPL) | – | 7.7 ± 1.7 (5.5-10.5) | 12.5 ± 3.6 (6.5-20.5) | 13.4 ± 6.8 (6.0-29.0) | 77.7 ± 48.3 (12.5-149.5) | 100.8 ± 63 (11.0-170.5) | 11.5 ± 1.5 (10.0-13.5) |
| Genital primordium width (GPW) | – | 3.5 ± 0.8 (2.0-4.5) | 4.1 ± 0.9 (2.5-5.5) | 5.1 ± 1.5 (3.0-7.0) | 6.4 ± 2.3 (3.5-12.0) | 6.9 ± 1.3 (4.0-10.5) | 3.8 ± 0.9 (2.6-4.7) |
| (V): GP center from anterior/ L, % | – | 62 ± 4 (56-66) | 54 ± 4 (49-57) | 55 ± 4 (50-59) | 51 ± 4 (46-55) | 57 ± 4 (50-60) | 57 ± 1 (56-59) |
| a | 30.2 ± 3.5 (25.7-33.0) | 37.5 ± 2.7 (33.4-43.1) | 37.1 ± 4.3 (29.5-43.7) | 37.3 ± 3.8 (27.9-43.0) | 41.2 ± 2.1 (38.1-44.2) | 41.7 ± 2.9 (36.4-44.5) | 40.6 ± 1.4 (38.7-42.0) |
| b | 2.6 ± 0.4 (2.2-3.2) | 3.2 ± 0.4 (2.6-3.8) | 3.7 ± 0.4 (2.9-4.2) | 3.7 ± 0.2 (3.4-3.9) | 4.4 ± 0.4 (3.6-4.9) | 4.4 ± 0.4 (3.6-5.2) | 3.9 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.1) |
| c | 12.9 ± 2.6 (10.5-15.7) | 6.3 ± 0.9 (5.3-8.3) | 6.4 ± 0.7 (5.0-7.8) | 6.5 ± 0.7 (5.7-7.9) | 7.1 ± 0.7 (6.0-8.3) | 7.6 ± 1.7 (6.2-13.5) | 6.9 ± 0.3 (6.6-7.2) |
| c′ | 4.3 ± 0.8 (3.7-5.2) | 8.3 ± 0.9 (6.2-9.6) | 7.8 ± 0.9 (5.9-9.2) | 8.0 ± 0.8 (6.1-9.2) | 7.6 ± 1 (6.0-9.2) | 6.7 ± 1.7 (3.0-8.7) | 9.2 ± 0.4 (8.7-9.7) |
| Stoma/corpus | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.6-1.0) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.1) | 1 ± 0.1 (0.9-1.1) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.1) | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.7-1.1) | 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.6-1.1) | 0.32 ± 0.03 (0.29-0.34) |
| Stoma/pharynx | 0.23 ± 0.01 (0.22-0.24) | 0.24 ± 0.02 (0.22-0.26) | 0.25 ± 0.02 (0.23-0.27) | 0.28 ± 0.02 (0.26-0.30) | 0.27 ± 0.02 (0.24-0.29) | 0.27 ± 0.02 (0.24-0.29) | 0.12 ± 0.01 (0.11-0.12) |
| Corpus L/diam. | 4.0 ± 0.4 (3.6-4.5) | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.2-4.4) | 3.3 ± 0.4 (2.6-4.1) | 3.5 ± 0.4 (2.7-4.2) | 3.6 ± 0.4 (3.1-4.7) | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.1) | 5.4 ± 0.5 (5.0-6.2) |
| Corpus/pharynx | 0.30 ± 0.03 (0.26-0.34) | 0.27 ± 0.02 (0.22-0.31) | 0.27 ± 0.01 (0.25-0.29) | 0.27 ± 0.01 (0.25-0.29) | 0.3 ± 0.03 (0.2-0.3) | 0.30 ± 0.04 (0.24-0.39) | 0.37 ± 0.01 0.36-0.39) |
| Pharynx anter. part/pharynx L | 0.53 ± 0.04 (0.48-0.57) | 0.52 ± 0.03 (0.43-0.57) | 0.54 ± 0.04 (0.48-0.57) | 0.56 ± 0.04 (0.50-0.59) | 0.55 ± 0.04 (0.50-0.59) | 0.58 ± 0.04 (0.52-0.61) | 0.48 ± 0.02 (0.47-0.51) |
| GPL/GPW | – | 2.3 ± 0.5 (1.4-3.1) | 3.2 ± 1.1 (1.7-6.2) | 2.5 ± 0.7 (1.7-4.4) | 11.4 ± 4.9 (2.6-17.2) | 14.4 ± 8.9 (2.7-30.0) | 3.1 ± 0.6 (2.6-3.9) |
| GPL/L, % | – | 3 ± 1 (2-4) | 4 ± 1 (2-7) | 4 ± 2 (2-7) | 16 ± 9 (3-27) | 19 ± 12 (3-37) | 4 ± 1 (3-5) |
Table 3.
Measurements (in µm) and ratios of molting juveniles of Rhabditolaimus ulmi.
| Character/stage | J2-J3 | J3-J4 male | J3-J4 female | J4-Adult male | J4-Adult female |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 |
| L | 283, 321 | 461 ± 22.9 (435-482) | 445.5 ± 67.3 (378-525) | 582 ± 81 (472-669) | 643, 646 |
| Body width | 6.0, 7.0 | 12.8 ± 0.9 (11.5-14.0) | 12.0 ± 1.6 (10.5-14.5) | 14.2 ± 1.6 (12-16) | 15.5, 16.0 |
| Stoma | 21, 22 | 31 ± 3 (26-34) | 29 ± 3 (24-32) | 33 ± 3 (29-37) | 33, 36 |
| Corpus (pro- and metacorpus) | 25, 26 | 34 ± 2 (31-35) | 30 ± 5 (23-37) | 39 ± 4 (35-45) | 44, 48 |
| Pharynx | 88, 94 | 122 ± 10 (109-130) | 118 ± 12 (103-131) | 129 ± 9 (118-141) | 139, 145 |
| Lip region width | 3.5, 4.0 | 5.1 ± 0.8 (4.0-6.0) | 5 ± 1 (4.5-6.5) | 6.2 ± 1.2 (5.0-7.5) | 6.5, 7.0 |
| Nerve ring from anterior end | 65, 66 | 82 ± 5 (77-90) | 81 ± 9 (69-93) | 95 ± 6 (88-101) | 97, 101 |
| Tail | 47, 53 | 64 ± 4 (59-69) | 64 ± 6 (59-73) | 71 ± 4 (67-75) | 74, 76 |
| Anal body width | 4.5, 5.0 | 9.4 ± 1.1 (8.0-11.0) | 7.6 ± 0.6 (7.0-8.5) | 12.4 ± 2.3 (9.5-15.0) | 10.0, 11.0 |
| Genital primordium length (GPL) | 7, 10 | 31.9 ± 13.2 (13-49) | 21.2 ± 17.6 (9-52) | 226.6 ± 111.2 (95-357) | 145, 262 |
| Genital primordium width (GPW) | 2.0, 3.0 | 6.6 ± 0.9 (6.0-8.0) | 6.1 ± 1.1 (5.5-8.0) | 10.7 ± 4.6 (5.5-15.5) | 9.5, 12.0 |
| Spicule length along arc | – | – | – | 34.5-42.0 | – |
| (V): GP center from anterior/L, % | 47, 55 | 55 ± 4 (49-58) | 55 ± 3 (49-57) | 88 ± 6 (79-93) | 50, 59 |
| a | 40.0, 54.3 | 36.1 ± 1.2 (34.3-37.4) | 37.5 ± 7 (26.4-45.5) | 40.9 ± 2.2 (38.5-43.4) | 40.0, 41.8 |
| b | 3.0, 3.6 | 3.8 ± 0.1 (3.6-3.9) | 3.7 ± 0.2 (3.4-4) | 4.5 ± 0. 5 (3.8-4.9) | 4.5, 4.6 |
| c | 6.0, 6.1 | 7.0 ± 0.5 (6.6-7.8) | 7.0 ± 0.6 (6.2-7.6) | 8.2 ± 0.8 (7.0-8.9) | 8.5, 8.7 |
| c′ | 10.3, 11.7 | 6.9 ± 1 (5.6-8.4) | 8.3 ± 0.8 (7.2-9.4) | 5.8 ± 0.8 (4.9-7) | 7.2, 7.6 |
| Stoma/corpus | 0.8, 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.0) | 1.0 ± 0.2 (0.9-1.2) | 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.7-0.9) | 0.7, 0.8 |
| Stoma/pharynx | 0.23, 0.25 | 0.25 ± 0.01 (0.24-0.26) | 0.24 ± 0.01 (0.23-0.25) | 0.25 ± 0.01 (0.24-0.26) | 0.24, 0.25 |
| Corpus L/diam. | 4.0, 4.5 | 3.7 ± 0.2 (3.5-4.0) | 4.2 ± 0.6 (3.7-5.3) | 3.8 ± 0.6 (2.9-4.3) | 4.0, 5.2 |
| Corpus/pharynx | 0.27, 0.3 | 0.28 ± 0.01 (0.26-0.30) | 0.25 ± 0.03 (0.21-0.28) | 0.31 ± 0.02 (0.28-0.34) | 0.30, 0.35 |
| Pharynx anter. part/ pharynx L. | 0.51, 0.52 | 0.53 ± 0.01 (0.52-0.54) | 0.50 ± 0.02 (0.46-0.53) | 0.56 ± 0.02 (0.54-0.59) | 0.55, 0.58 |
| GPL/GPW | 3.2, 3.4 | 4.8 ± 1.6 (2.1-6.1) | 3.6 ± 3.3 (1.7-9.4) | 20.8 ± 3.5 (17.0-24.7) | 15.1, 21.7 |
| GPL/L, % | 2, 3 | 7 ± 3 (3 - 11) | 5 ± 3 (2-12) | 37 ± 14 (20-55) | 20, 40 |
Table 4.
Tabular key for identification of the Rhabditolaimus species.
| Species/characters | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R. neolongistoma | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| R. platypi | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 1 |
| R. rifflei | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| R. curzii | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| R. erectus | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| R. anoplophorae | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| R. kishtwarensis | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| R. pellucidus | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| R. macrolaimus | 1 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| R. pini | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| R. carolinensis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| R. leuckarti | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| R. picei | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| R. nacogdochensis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| R. vitautasi | 1 | 2 | 2 | 23 | 3 | 23 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| R. inevectus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| R. zamithi | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| R. robiniae | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| R. walkeri | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| R. ulmi | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 23 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| R. goodeyi | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| R. dendrophilus | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
1 Notes: Characters and species are ordered according to identification steps. Character 1. Female genital system: 1 – paired; 2 – monoprodelphic; Character 2. Male bursa: 1 – leptoderan with long spike; 2 – leptoderan with spike mucro less 10 µm; 3 – peloderan; Character 3. Ratio: stoma/corpus: 1 – 0.44 or less; 2 – 0.45 to 0.78; 3 – 0.79 or more; Character 4. Mean spicule length: 1 – less than 25 µm; 2 – 25 to 35 µm; 3 – 36 to 55 µm; 4 – 56 to 100 µm; 5 – more than 100 µm; Character 5. Female c′ value: 1 – more than 7; 2 – (5.1-7.0); 3 – (3.5-5.0); 4 – less than 3.5; Character 6. Male body length: 1 – less than 500 µm; 2 – 500 to 690 µm; 3 – 700 µm and longer; Character 7. Preanal male caudal papillae pairs: 1 – 2 papillae pairs; 2 – 3 papillae pairs; 3 – 4 papillae pairs; Character 8. Postanal male caudal papillae pairs: 1 – 6 papillae pairs; 2 – 7 or 8 papillae pairs; Character 9. Excretory pore position: 1 – at border isthmus and second bulb; 2 – at middle of second bulb; 3 – at pharyngeal end or posterior; Character 10. Ratio: mean corpus L/diam.: 1 – 2.5 or less; 2 – 2.6 to 3.0; 3 – more than 3.0; Character 11. Ratio: stoma/pharynx: 1 – 0.20 or less; 2 – 0.21 to 0.29; 3 – 0.3 and more.
Figure 10:
Phylogenetic relationships within Rhabditolaimus spp. and other related taxa as inferred from Bayesian analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Posterior probability values more than 70% are given on appropriate clades. New sequence indicated in bold.