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Morphology, development stages, and phylogeny of the Rhabditolaimus ulmi (Nematoda: Diplogastridae), a phoront of the bark beetle Scolytus multistriatus from the elm Ulmus glabra Huds. in Northwest Russia

Journal of Nematology
Volume 53 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)
By:
Open Access
|Jan 2021

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Localization of the Rhabditolaimus ulmi dauer juveniles in pupae (A, B) and imago (C, D) of the beetle vector Scolytus multistriatus. A – on the elytra primordia; B – at the oviposititor opening; C, D – on the elytrae of imago. Scale: 1 mm for D, 2 mm for rest.
Localization of the Rhabditolaimus ulmi dauer juveniles in pupae (A, B) and imago (C, D) of the beetle vector Scolytus multistriatus. A – on the elytra primordia; B – at the oviposititor opening; C, D – on the elytrae of imago. Scale: 1 mm for D, 2 mm for rest.

Figure 2:

Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Male head; B – Female head; C – Head of molting juvenile (the molt of J4 into male); D – Male anterior part; E – Female tail; F – Male tail; G – Male genital system; H – Female genital system. Scale: 50 µm for D, G, H; 10 µm for rest.
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Male head; B – Female head; C – Head of molting juvenile (the molt of J4 into male); D – Male anterior part; E – Female tail; F – Male tail; G – Male genital system; H – Female genital system. Scale: 50 µm for D, G, H; 10 µm for rest.

Figure 3:

Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Female anterior part; B – Male tail, lateral view; C – Male tail, ventral view; D – Female tail, lateral view; E, F – Female genital system sections; G – Female with J2 in eggshell (arrow, ovoviviparity). The location of the fragments (E: I-V) is shown in the diagram (F). Fragments: I – Mature oocyte before reverse movement along the oviduct to uterus; II – anterior spermatheca and oviduct; III – anterior uterus with maturating egg; IV – vulva, vagina and uteral chamber bordered by two sphincters; V – posterior spermatheca and oviduct. an – anus; bb – basal bulb; cd – cardia; ch – cheilostom; du – duct between spermatheca and uterus; e – egg; ex – excretory pore; gb – gubernaculum; gm – gymnostom; GR-I:1…GR-IV:4 – groups of ribs on the bursa alae: I…IV – number of the group, P+1… 4 – number of papillae in a group; mao – mature oocyte; mb – median bulb of pharynx; nr – nerve ring; oc – oocyte; ov – ovary; phm – phasmid, pr – head probolae; prc – procorpus of pharynx; s – spermatheca; sg – stegostom; sp – spicules, sph – sphincter; tt – tail tip; uch – uteral chamber; ut – uterus; v – vulva; va – vagina. Scale: 50 µm for G; 20 µm for rest.
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. Morphology of adults. A – Female anterior part; B – Male tail, lateral view; C – Male tail, ventral view; D – Female tail, lateral view; E, F – Female genital system sections; G – Female with J2 in eggshell (arrow, ovoviviparity). The location of the fragments (E: I-V) is shown in the diagram (F). Fragments: I – Mature oocyte before reverse movement along the oviduct to uterus; II – anterior spermatheca and oviduct; III – anterior uterus with maturating egg; IV – vulva, vagina and uteral chamber bordered by two sphincters; V – posterior spermatheca and oviduct. an – anus; bb – basal bulb; cd – cardia; ch – cheilostom; du – duct between spermatheca and uterus; e – egg; ex – excretory pore; gb – gubernaculum; gm – gymnostom; GR-I:1…GR-IV:4 – groups of ribs on the bursa alae: I…IV – number of the group, P+1… 4 – number of papillae in a group; mao – mature oocyte; mb – median bulb of pharynx; nr – nerve ring; oc – oocyte; ov – ovary; phm – phasmid, pr – head probolae; prc – procorpus of pharynx; s – spermatheca; sg – stegostom; sp – spicules, sph – sphincter; tt – tail tip; uch – uteral chamber; ut – uterus; v – vulva; va – vagina. Scale: 50 µm for G; 20 µm for rest.

Figure 4:

Rhabditolaimus ulmi. SEM. A, B – Female cephalic region. C – Male cephalic region; anterior annulus (aa), cephalic papilla (cp), amphid (am), lip papillae (lp), probolae (pr), oral opening (oo). D – Female excretory pore (ex) and deirid (di). E – Male lateral field at mid-body, lateral field ridges (fr), outer body ridges (ou). F – Vulva (vu) with vulval pore-like papilla (vp), wrinkled zone (wz) and smooth zone (sz). G, H – Female anus (an): G – Ventral view; H – Lateral view with a minute phasmid (psm). I – Male tail with caudal papillae, ventral view. P1 – unpaired precloacal papilla, OP1…OP7 – papillae on bursal alae, P2…P3 – inner papillae on ventral side of tail; cloacal opening (cl), pore-like phasmid (psm), ventral cultcular ridge (vr). J – Cloacal opening with spicule tips (sc) and P1 unpaired papilla. K – Tail end with OP3, group of OP4-OP6 papillae and phasmid (psm). L, M – OP7 papillae: L – Ventral view, M – Dorsal view. N – Female tail.
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. SEM. A, B – Female cephalic region. C – Male cephalic region; anterior annulus (aa), cephalic papilla (cp), amphid (am), lip papillae (lp), probolae (pr), oral opening (oo). D – Female excretory pore (ex) and deirid (di). E – Male lateral field at mid-body, lateral field ridges (fr), outer body ridges (ou). F – Vulva (vu) with vulval pore-like papilla (vp), wrinkled zone (wz) and smooth zone (sz). G, H – Female anus (an): G – Ventral view; H – Lateral view with a minute phasmid (psm). I – Male tail with caudal papillae, ventral view. P1 – unpaired precloacal papilla, OP1…OP7 – papillae on bursal alae, P2…P3 – inner papillae on ventral side of tail; cloacal opening (cl), pore-like phasmid (psm), ventral cultcular ridge (vr). J – Cloacal opening with spicule tips (sc) and P1 unpaired papilla. K – Tail end with OP3, group of OP4-OP6 papillae and phasmid (psm). L, M – OP7 papillae: L – Ventral view, M – Dorsal view. N – Female tail.

Figure 5:

Rhabditolaimus ulmi. The development in egg. A to D – Embryo cleavage; E – Juvenile J1; F to I – Juvenile J2 at different focal levels; J – Egg shell with a longitudinal slit indicating the place from where the juvenile coming away. Scale 20 µm.
Rhabditolaimus ulmi. The development in egg. A to D – Embryo cleavage; E – Juvenile J1; F to I – Juvenile J2 at different focal levels; J – Egg shell with a longitudinal slit indicating the place from where the juvenile coming away. Scale 20 µm.

Figure 6:

The juvenile development stages of males (left) and females (right). J1 .. J4 – juvenile stage numbers; pairs J2 to J3 .. J3-J4 – the molt of the junior stage to the senior one indicated by the stages numbers. hd – head; ph – pharynx; tl –tail. Scale 50 µm.
The juvenile development stages of males (left) and females (right). J1 .. J4 – juvenile stage numbers; pairs J2 to J3 .. J3-J4 – the molt of the junior stage to the senior one indicated by the stages numbers. hd – head; ph – pharynx; tl –tail. Scale 50 µm.

Figure 7:

The development of juveniles of the propagative generation. A – Juvenile J1 in egg; B – Juvenile J2 in egg; genital primordia and anal regions of juveniles: C, D – Juvenile J2; E, F – Molt J2-J3; G, H – Juvenile J3 (female); I, J – Juvenile J4 (female); K, L – Juvenile J3 (male); M, N – Molt J3-J4 (male); O, P – Juvenile J4 (male, early molt phase); Q – Molt J4 – male; R, S – Molt J4 – female: R – Only anterior branch of genital primordium; S – Tail of molting female J4 (arrows – shed cuticule). gp – genital primordium; mb – median bulb of pharynx; me – meiosis; mi – mitosis; sd – spermatids. Scale: 50 µm for Q to S; 20 µm for rest.
The development of juveniles of the propagative generation. A – Juvenile J1 in egg; B – Juvenile J2 in egg; genital primordia and anal regions of juveniles: C, D – Juvenile J2; E, F – Molt J2-J3; G, H – Juvenile J3 (female); I, J – Juvenile J4 (female); K, L – Juvenile J3 (male); M, N – Molt J3-J4 (male); O, P – Juvenile J4 (male, early molt phase); Q – Molt J4 – male; R, S – Molt J4 – female: R – Only anterior branch of genital primordium; S – Tail of molting female J4 (arrows – shed cuticule). gp – genital primordium; mb – median bulb of pharynx; me – meiosis; mi – mitosis; sd – spermatids. Scale: 50 µm for Q to S; 20 µm for rest.

Figure 8:

Molt of pre-adult juveniles J4 to adult male and female. Male tail (A) and its anterior part (B); Female: tail (C), Vulval region (D), Anterior part (E). an – anus; bs – bursa; gb – gubernaculum; hd – head with shed cuticle; sp – spicule; tl – tail. Scale: 20 µm.
Molt of pre-adult juveniles J4 to adult male and female. Male tail (A) and its anterior part (B); Female: tail (C), Vulval region (D), Anterior part (E). an – anus; bs – bursa; gb – gubernaculum; hd – head with shed cuticle; sp – spicule; tl – tail. Scale: 20 µm.

Figure 9:

Dauer juveniles J3D of the transmissive generation and the juveniles J3 of the propagative generation (males). Total outline: A, B – Dauer juvenile; C – Juvenile J3 of propagative generation; anterior part and pharynx: D – Dauer, E – Juvenile J3; head: F – Dauer, G – Juvenile J3; Genital primordium (male): H – Dauer, I – Juvenile J3. Scale: 50 µm for A, B, C; 20 µm for D, E; 10 µm for F to I.
Dauer juveniles J3D of the transmissive generation and the juveniles J3 of the propagative generation (males). Total outline: A, B – Dauer juvenile; C – Juvenile J3 of propagative generation; anterior part and pharynx: D – Dauer, E – Juvenile J3; head: F – Dauer, G – Juvenile J3; Genital primordium (male): H – Dauer, I – Juvenile J3. Scale: 50 µm for A, B, C; 20 µm for D, E; 10 µm for F to I.

Figure 10:

Phylogenetic relationships within Rhabditolaimus spp. and other related taxa as inferred from Bayesian analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Posterior probability values more than 70% are given on appropriate clades. New sequence indicated in bold.
Phylogenetic relationships within Rhabditolaimus spp. and other related taxa as inferred from Bayesian analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Posterior probability values more than 70% are given on appropriate clades. New sequence indicated in bold.

Measurements (in µm) and ratios of Rhabditolaimus ulmi juveniles_

Character/stageJ2 in eggJ2 freeJ3 maleJ3 femaleJ4 maleJ4 femaleDauer
n 51071171010
L 190 ± 11.6 (176-200)290.2 ± 31.4 (246-352)358 ± 48 (292.6-427)354.4 ± 38.6 (298-423)475.6 ± 51.4 (373-558)526.4 ± 66.8 (409-666)338.8 ± 13.7 (326-354)
Body width6.4 ± 0.6 (5.5-7.0)7.8 ± 1.2 (5.5-10.5)9.7 ± 1.5 (7.5-12.5)9.6 ± 1 (7.5-12.0)11.6 ± 1.1 (10-14)12.6 ± 1.4 (9.5-16.5)8.3 ± 0.3 (8.0-8.5)
Stoma18 ± 3 (14-20)23 ± 2 (21-26)25 ± 2 (23-29)25 ± 2 (23-29)29 ± 2 (26-33)30 ± 2 (25-35)10 ± 1 (9-11)
Corpus (pro- & metacorpus)22 ± 2 (20-24)25 ± 2 (22-28)27 ± 3 (21-31)26 ± 3 (23-32)33 ± 4 (28-41)36 ± 5 (30-46)33 ± 3 (30-37)
Pharynx74.9 ± 12.9 (59-90)91.7 ± 3.3 (86-97)97 ± 7.4 (83-109)92.6 ± 7.1 (87-111)107.4 ± 7.8 (92-117)119.4 ± 6.5 (106-132)86.5 ± 3.9 (83-92)
Lip region width1.9 ± 0.2 (1.5-2.0)3.7 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.5)3.9 ± 0.3 (3.5-4.5)3.9 ± 0.7 (2.5-5.0)4.5 ± 0.7 (3.5-6.0)5.0 ± 0.8 (3.5-6.5)4.2 ± 0.1 (4.0-5.5)
Nerve ring from anterior–66.2 ± 3.6 (61-76)73.1 ± 5 (64-81)70.7 ± 5.8 (62-80)83 ± 9.2 (65-96)88.6 ± 5.4 (81-99)61.5 ± 1.7 (60-64)
Excretory pore–66.8 ± 4 (62-72)79 ± 5 (73-86)77 ± 5 (73-83)84 ± 2 (82-86)85 ± 2 (83-87)65.4 ± 1.3 (64-671)
Tail15 ± 3.9 (11-19)46.3 ± 6.1 (35-60)56.8 ± 9.2 (42-68)55 ± 7.6 (38-65)67.4 ± 6.6 (50-78)71 ± 11 (41-88)49.1 ± 0.5 (48-50)
Anal body width3.5 ± 0.7 (2.5-4.0)5.6 ± 0.8 (4.0-7.0)7.3 ± 0.9 (5.5-8.5)6.9 ± 0.9 (5.0-8.5)8.9 ± 1.1 (7.5-11.5)11 ± 1.6 (9.0-13.5)5.3 ± 0.3 (5.0-6.0)
Genital primordium length (GPL)–7.7 ± 1.7 (5.5-10.5)12.5 ± 3.6 (6.5-20.5)13.4 ± 6.8 (6.0-29.0)77.7 ± 48.3 (12.5-149.5)100.8 ± 63 (11.0-170.5)11.5 ± 1.5 (10.0-13.5)
Genital primordium width (GPW)–3.5 ± 0.8 (2.0-4.5)4.1 ± 0.9 (2.5-5.5)5.1 ± 1.5 (3.0-7.0)6.4 ± 2.3 (3.5-12.0)6.9 ± 1.3 (4.0-10.5)3.8 ± 0.9 (2.6-4.7)
(V): GP center from anterior/ L, %–62 ± 4 (56-66)54 ± 4 (49-57)55 ± 4 (50-59)51 ± 4 (46-55)57 ± 4 (50-60)57 ± 1 (56-59)
a 30.2 ± 3.5 (25.7-33.0)37.5 ± 2.7 (33.4-43.1)37.1 ± 4.3 (29.5-43.7)37.3 ± 3.8 (27.9-43.0)41.2 ± 2.1 (38.1-44.2)41.7 ± 2.9 (36.4-44.5)40.6 ± 1.4 (38.7-42.0)
b 2.6 ± 0.4 (2.2-3.2)3.2 ± 0.4 (2.6-3.8)3.7 ± 0.4 (2.9-4.2)3.7 ± 0.2 (3.4-3.9)4.4 ± 0.4 (3.6-4.9)4.4 ± 0.4 (3.6-5.2)3.9 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.1)
c 12.9 ± 2.6 (10.5-15.7)6.3 ± 0.9 (5.3-8.3)6.4 ± 0.7 (5.0-7.8)6.5 ± 0.7 (5.7-7.9)7.1 ± 0.7 (6.0-8.3)7.6 ± 1.7 (6.2-13.5)6.9 ± 0.3 (6.6-7.2)
c′ 4.3 ± 0.8 (3.7-5.2)8.3 ± 0.9 (6.2-9.6)7.8 ± 0.9 (5.9-9.2)8.0 ± 0.8 (6.1-9.2)7.6 ± 1 (6.0-9.2)6.7 ± 1.7 (3.0-8.7)9.2 ± 0.4 (8.7-9.7)
Stoma/corpus0.8 ± 0.2 (0.6-1.0)0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.1)1 ± 0.1 (0.9-1.1)0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.1)0.9 ± 0.1 (0.7-1.1)0.8 ± 0.1 (0.6-1.1)0.32 ± 0.03 (0.29-0.34)
Stoma/pharynx0.23 ± 0.01 (0.22-0.24)0.24 ± 0.02 (0.22-0.26)0.25 ± 0.02 (0.23-0.27)0.28 ± 0.02 (0.26-0.30)0.27 ± 0.02 (0.24-0.29)0.27 ± 0.02 (0.24-0.29)0.12 ± 0.01 (0.11-0.12)
Corpus L/diam.4.0 ± 0.4 (3.6-4.5)3.6 ± 0.3 (3.2-4.4)3.3 ± 0.4 (2.6-4.1)3.5 ± 0.4 (2.7-4.2)3.6 ± 0.4 (3.1-4.7)3.6 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.1)5.4 ± 0.5 (5.0-6.2)
Corpus/pharynx0.30 ± 0.03 (0.26-0.34)0.27 ± 0.02 (0.22-0.31)0.27 ± 0.01 (0.25-0.29)0.27 ± 0.01 (0.25-0.29)0.3 ± 0.03 (0.2-0.3)0.30 ± 0.04 (0.24-0.39)0.37 ± 0.01 0.36-0.39)
Pharynx anter. part/pharynx L0.53 ± 0.04 (0.48-0.57)0.52 ± 0.03 (0.43-0.57)0.54 ± 0.04 (0.48-0.57)0.56 ± 0.04 (0.50-0.59)0.55 ± 0.04 (0.50-0.59)0.58 ± 0.04 (0.52-0.61)0.48 ± 0.02 (0.47-0.51)
GPL/GPW–2.3 ± 0.5 (1.4-3.1)3.2 ± 1.1 (1.7-6.2)2.5 ± 0.7 (1.7-4.4)11.4 ± 4.9 (2.6-17.2)14.4 ± 8.9 (2.7-30.0)3.1 ± 0.6 (2.6-3.9)
GPL/L, %–3 ± 1 (2-4)4 ± 1 (2-7)4 ± 2 (2-7)16 ± 9 (3-27)19 ± 12 (3-37)4 ± 1 (3-5)

Measurements (in µm) and ratios of Rhabditolaimus ulmi adults_

Character/sexAdult maleAdult female
n 2020
L 715 ± 148 (557-1007)804.6 ± 139.2 (633-1012)
Body width20.7 ± 5.2 (15.5-28.0)27.0 ± 7.0 (19.0-36.0)
Stoma35 ± 4 (29-40)34.2 ± 3.6 (31-41)
Corpus (pro- and metacorpus)41 ± 3 (34-47)43 ± 4 (36-47)
Pharynx130.6 ± 12.3 (112-149)132.5 ± 11.7 (116-146)
Lip region width6.4 ± 0.9 (5.5-8.0)6.9 ± 1.0 (5.5-8.0)
Nerve ring from anterior end101.7 ± 12.7 (84-127)102.6 ± 8.6 (90-112)
Excretory pore from anterior107.5 ± 13.1 (92-134)111.6 ± 9.8 (97-127)
Tail28 ± 7 (19-39)83 ± 8 (68-92)
Anal body width12.2 ± 1.7 (10-15)12.4 ± 2.2 (10-16)
Genital tube length (GTL)411 ± 100 (295-586)403 ± 172.7 (204-760)
Genital tube width (GTW)19 ± 8.8 (9.5-35.5)27.6 ± 9.0 (15.5-39.0)
Spicule length along arc45.9 ± 6 (34.5-53.0)–
V %–56 ± 2 (55-60)
a 35.1 ± 4.4 (27.8-39.9)30.6 ± 4.6 (26.1-38.0)
b 5.4 ± 0.7 (4.8-6.8)6.1 ± 0.6 (5.3-6.9)
c 25.8 ± 4.0 (20.5-33.4)9.7 ± 1.0 (8.5-11.5)
c′ 2.3 ± 0.4 (1.7-3)6.8 ± 1.0 (5.5-8.2)
Stoma/corpus0.81 ± 0.02 (0.79-0.85)0.82 ± 0.06 (0.74-0.87)
Stoma/pharynx0.28 ± 0.01 (0.26-0.27)0.27 ± 0.02 (0.25-0.29)
Corpus L/diam.3.4 ± 0.3 (2.7-3.8)3.2 ± 0.3 (2.7-3.6))
Corpus/pharynx0.31 ± 0.03 (0.29-0.37)0.32 ± 0.01 (0.30-0.36)
Pharynx anter./post.0.60 ± 0.01 (0.59-0.61)0.61 ± 0.04 (0.55-0.65)
GTL/GW24.8 ± 10.8 (13.5-41.4)14.7 ± 4.4 (10.8-23.3)
GTL/L, %60 ± 10 (40-70)50 ± 20 (30-90)

Measurements (in µm) and ratios of molting juveniles of Rhabditolaimus ulmi_

Character/stageJ2-J3J3-J4 maleJ3-J4 femaleJ4-Adult maleJ4-Adult female
n 25552
L 283, 321461 ± 22.9 (435-482)445.5 ± 67.3 (378-525)582 ± 81 (472-669)643, 646
Body width6.0, 7.012.8 ± 0.9 (11.5-14.0)12.0 ± 1.6 (10.5-14.5)14.2 ± 1.6 (12-16)15.5, 16.0
Stoma21, 2231 ± 3 (26-34)29 ± 3 (24-32)33 ± 3 (29-37)33, 36
Corpus (pro- and metacorpus)25, 2634 ± 2 (31-35)30 ± 5 (23-37)39 ± 4 (35-45)44, 48
Pharynx88, 94122 ± 10 (109-130)118 ± 12 (103-131)129 ± 9 (118-141)139, 145
Lip region width3.5, 4.05.1 ± 0.8 (4.0-6.0)5 ± 1 (4.5-6.5)6.2 ± 1.2 (5.0-7.5)6.5, 7.0
Nerve ring from anterior end65, 6682 ± 5 (77-90)81 ± 9 (69-93)95 ± 6 (88-101)97, 101
Tail47, 5364 ± 4 (59-69)64 ± 6 (59-73)71 ± 4 (67-75)74, 76
Anal body width4.5, 5.09.4 ± 1.1 (8.0-11.0)7.6 ± 0.6 (7.0-8.5)12.4 ± 2.3 (9.5-15.0)10.0, 11.0
Genital primordium length (GPL)7, 1031.9 ± 13.2 (13-49)21.2 ± 17.6 (9-52)226.6 ± 111.2 (95-357)145, 262
Genital primordium width (GPW)2.0, 3.06.6 ± 0.9 (6.0-8.0)6.1 ± 1.1 (5.5-8.0)10.7 ± 4.6 (5.5-15.5)9.5, 12.0
Spicule length along arc–––34.5-42.0–
(V): GP center from anterior/L, %47, 5555 ± 4 (49-58) 55 ± 3 (49-57)88 ± 6 (79-93)50, 59
a 40.0, 54.336.1 ± 1.2 (34.3-37.4)37.5 ± 7 (26.4-45.5)40.9 ± 2.2 (38.5-43.4)40.0, 41.8
b 3.0, 3.63.8 ± 0.1 (3.6-3.9)3.7 ± 0.2 (3.4-4)4.5 ± 0. 5 (3.8-4.9)4.5, 4.6
c 6.0, 6.17.0 ± 0.5 (6.6-7.8)7.0 ± 0.6 (6.2-7.6)8.2 ± 0.8 (7.0-8.9)8.5, 8.7
c′ 10.3, 11.76.9 ± 1 (5.6-8.4)8.3 ± 0.8 (7.2-9.4)5.8 ± 0.8 (4.9-7)7.2, 7.6
Stoma/corpus0.8, 1.00.9 ± 0.1 (0.8-1.0)1.0 ± 0.2 (0.9-1.2)0.8 ± 0.1 (0.7-0.9)0.7, 0.8
Stoma/pharynx0.23, 0.250.25 ± 0.01 (0.24-0.26)0.24 ± 0.01 (0.23-0.25)0.25 ± 0.01 (0.24-0.26)0.24, 0.25
Corpus L/diam.4.0, 4.53.7 ± 0.2 (3.5-4.0)4.2 ± 0.6 (3.7-5.3)3.8 ± 0.6 (2.9-4.3)4.0, 5.2
Corpus/pharynx0.27, 0.30.28 ± 0.01 (0.26-0.30)0.25 ± 0.03 (0.21-0.28)0.31 ± 0.02 (0.28-0.34)0.30, 0.35
Pharynx anter. part/ pharynx L.0.51, 0.520.53 ± 0.01 (0.52-0.54)0.50 ± 0.02 (0.46-0.53)0.56 ± 0.02 (0.54-0.59)0.55, 0.58
GPL/GPW3.2, 3.44.8 ± 1.6 (2.1-6.1)3.6 ± 3.3 (1.7-9.4)20.8 ± 3.5 (17.0-24.7)15.1, 21.7
GPL/L, %2, 37 ± 3 (3 - 11)5 ± 3 (2-12)37 ± 14 (20-55)20, 40

Tabular key for identification of the Rhabditolaimus species_

Species/charactersC1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9C10C11
R. neolongistoma 11212131232
R. platypi 112433212321
R. rifflei 11312211323
R. curzii 113112322123
R. erectus 11322312122
R. anoplophorae 11323321133
R. kishtwarensis 113212321132
R. pellucidus 11334321123
R. macrolaimus 113121322123
R. pini 121142322121
R. carolinensis 12123231231
R. leuckarti 12123322131
R. picei 12124321331
R. nacogdochensis 12133311331
R. vitautasi 1222332322122
R. inevectus 12313311113
R. zamithi 13322221112
R. robiniae 13323321122
R. walkeri 13323321123
R. ulmi 133322322132
R. goodeyi 21254321111
R. dendrophilus 21344331112
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-025 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 25
Published on: Jan 1, 2021
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
Bark beetles,
Dauer,
Dutch elm disease,
Life cycle,
Molecular phylogeny,
Morphology,
Ovoviviparity,
Phoresis,
Symbiosis,
Tabular key,
Transmissive infections
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2021 Alexander Y. Ryss, Kristina S. Polyanina, Sergio Álvarez-Ortega, Sergei A. Subbotin, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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