Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Geocenamus brevidens female morphometrics_
| Characters | Present study | Allen (1955) a | Siddiqi (1961) | Alvani et al. (2017) | Tzortzakakis et al. (2018) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Canada | USA | India | Iran | Greece | |
| Host | Potato field | Grass | Grass | Cauliflower, cabbage, mint, potato, pea | Jujube, saffron, barberry | Cultivated olives |
| n | 15 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 8 | 3 |
| Body length | 667.8 ± 64.2 (590.9-811.0) | 687.1 ± 53.3 (604.0-752.0) | 540-690 | 550-850 | 650 (600-718.5) | 564 (490-698) |
| a | 35.4 ± 2.8 (25.5-38.5) | 28.2 ± 1.8 (24.8-31.1) | 23-27 | 22-29 | 26.5 (23.9-29) | 26.3 (22.9-30.3) |
| b | 5.0 ± 0.4 (4.6-5.9) | 4.9 ± 0.3 (4.5-5.6) | 4.2-5.2 | 4.6-6.0 | 5.0 (4.5-5.2) | 4.4 (4.0-5.1) |
| c | 12.7 ± 0.6 (11.7-13.6) | 14.3 ± 1.1 (12.7-15.9) | 11-13 | 12-17 | 13.7 (13.7-15.7) | 14.3 (12.9-17.0) |
| c' | 4.2 ± 0.3 (3.8-4.9) | 3.2 ± 0.2 (3.0-3.5) | 2.5-4.4 | – | 2.7 (2.4-3.2) | 3.0 (2.9-3.2) |
| V | 56.6 ± 1.6 (53.8-61.0) | 56.2 ± 1.2 (54.5-58.1) | 52-58 | 54-61 | 55.6 (54.5-57) | 54.7 (52-58) |
| MB | 48.6 ± 2.0 (46.2-54.3) | 51.1 ± 1.5 (49.6-53.7) | 42-47 | – | (41.1-46.5) | – |
| Lip height | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.1-4.0) | 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Lip width | 7.2 ± 0.5 (6.1-7.7) | 8.0 ± 0.2 (7.5-8.3) | 6.5–8.5 | – | – | – |
| Stylet length | 16.2 ± 0.7 (15.0-17.5) | 17.0 ± 0.5 (16.0-17.6) | 14-16 | 13-15 | 16.3 (16-16.5) | 14.3 (13-16) |
| Median bulb length | 14.2 ± 1.3 (12.3-16.4) | 15.1 ± 0.6 (14.3-15.8) | 13-16 | – | – | – |
| Median bulb width | 9.9 ± 0.9 (8.5-11.4) | 10.3 ± 0.9 (9.2-11.7) | 9-12 | – | – | – |
| Anterior end to excretory pore | 103.3 ± 6.7 (90.3-112.5) | 106.1 ± 1.9 (103.0-109.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Pharynx length | 133.5 ± 6.9 (120.3-144.0) | 139.6 ± 5.8 (130.0-148.0) | 110-118 | – | 129.9 (118.5-141) | 127.7 (123-136) |
| Maxim body width | 18.6 ± 1.7 (15.5-21.2) | 24.4 ± 1.2 (22.3-26.2) | 19-24 | – | 100.2 (90.5-110) | 21.3 (19.0-23.0) |
| Vulva body length | 19.4 ± 1.9 (16.4-22.3) | 23.5 ± 1.3 (21.0-25.3) | – | – | 24.7 (21.5-30) | – |
| Anal body width | 12.6 ± 1.0 (10.3-14.2) | 14.9 ± 0.5 (13.7-15.3) | – | – | 17.1 (15.5-19) | 13.0 (12.0-14.0) |
| Tail length | 52.5 ± 3.7 (46.0-59.8) | 48.2 ± 2.2 (46.0-52.0) | 34-58 | – | 47.5 (42-53) | 39.3 (38-41.0) |
| Phasmid position | Posterior to middle of tail | Posterior to middle of tail | Posterior to middle of tail | – | – | – |
Quinisulcius capitatus female morphometrics_
| Characters | Present study | Allen (1955)a | Hopper (1959) | Loof (1959) | Siddiqi (1961) | Knobloch and Laughlin (1973) | Maqbool (1982) | Vovlas (1983) | Mekete et al. (2008) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Canada | USA | USA | Italy | India | Mexico | Pakistan | Italy | Ethiopia |
| Host | Grass | Pear | okra | Date palm | Grass Lily | Grass, pasture grass, wild poppy, barrel cactus, cotton | Potato | Maize | Coffee |
| n | 20 | 13 | 5 | 14 | 8 | – | 5 | 25 | 10 |
| Body length | 810.3 ± 44.6 (744.0-911.0) | 630-850 | 650-710 | 631-830 | 700-810 | 520-630 | 610-730 | 641-730 | 630-790 |
| a | 41.4 ± 1.8 (38.6-43.7) | 30-38 | 30.2-36.2 | 31-37.6 | 30-35 | 29-33 | 30-33 | 31-35 | 30.9-38.6 |
| b | 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.0-6.3) | 5.0-5.8 | 4.6-4.9 | 4.7-5.5 | 4.5-5.5 | 4.4-5.3 | 6.8-7.4 | 4.1-5.3 | – |
| c | 22.4 ± 1.1 (19.9-23.8) | 12-17 | 14.5-16.1 | 14.3-17.4 | 15-17 | 15-17 | 3.8-4.9 | 13-16 | 15.3-17.6 |
| c′ | 2.6 ± 0.2 (2.2-3.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.8-3.2 | |
| V | 57.4 ± 1.5 (53.4-59.8) | 51-58 | 55.2-56.9 | 53.5-58 | 54-56.5 | 52-59 | 53-56 | 54-57 | 54.7-63.6 |
| MB | 52.3 ± 1.7 (47.4-56.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 57-60 | – |
| Lip height | 4.0 ± 0.2 (3.7-4.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lip width | 7.6 ± 0.4 (6.9-8.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Stylet length | 18.3 ± 1.0 (15.5-20.4) | 16-18 | 16.5-17.3 | 16-18 | 16-17 | 16-17 | 18.4-19.5 | 15-17 | 15-18 |
| Median bulb length | 14.0 ± 1.6 (11.3-16.9) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Median bulb width | 10.4 ± 1.4 (8.4-14.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anterior end to excretory pore | 128.6 ± 5.3 (121.0-139.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 119-128 | 121 |
| Pharynx length | 147.8 ± 5.8 (140.2-159.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Maxim body width | 19.0 ± 1.5 (16.9-21.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vulva body length | 18.4 ± 1.3 (15.7-20.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anal body width | 13.8 ± 1.1 (11.2-15.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tail length | 35.8 ± 2.4 (31.3-40.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 40-48 | – |
| Phasmid position | Middle of tail | Middle of tail | Middle of tail | Anterior to middle of tail | Anterior to middle of tail | Anterior to middle of tail | Anterior to middle of tail | Anterior to middle of tail | – |
Worldwide distribution and host plant association of Geocenamus brevidens and Quinisulcius capitatus_
| No. | Country | Host associations | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| G. brevidens | |||
| Americas | |||
| 1 | USA | WheatPotato | Mayol (1981), Smiley et al. (2006) Olthof et al. (1982) |
| Wheat grass | Griffin and Asay (1996) | ||
| Pasture filed, vegetable and horticultural crops | Hafez et al. (2010) | ||
| Asia | |||
| 2 | Iran | Wheat | Ghaderi et al. (2014) |
| Jujube, saffron, barberry | Alvani et al. (2017) | ||
| Africa | |||
| 3 | South Africa | Wheat | Jordaan et al. (1992) |
| 4 | Egypt | Soybean | Salem et al. (1994) |
| Europe | |||
| 5 | Spain | Cereals, sunflower, wheat | Tobar et al. (1995a, 1995b) |
| Chickpea | Castillo et al. (1996) | ||
| Grasslands | Talavera and Navas (2002) | ||
| Olives | Palomares-Rius et al. (2015) | ||
| 6 | Slovakia | Hop gardens | Lišková and Rencˇo (2007) |
| 7 | Czech Republic | Hop gardens | Cˇermák et al. (2011) |
| 8 | Turkey | Cultivated plants | Kasapog˘lu et al. (2014) |
| Cotton, barley, melons, tobacco, Watermelons, wheat, lentils | Kasapog˘lu Uludamar et al. (2018) | ||
| 9 | Greece | Olives | Tzortzakakis et al. (2018) |
| 10 | Poland | Jerusalem artichoke | Zapałowska and Skwiercz (2018) |
| Oceania | |||
| 11 | Australia | Cereal fields | Meagher (1970) |
| Wheat | Thompson et al. (2008, 2010) | ||
| Millet, soybean, grasses | Owen et al. (2014) | ||
| Q. capitatus | |||
| Americas | |||
| 1 | Ecuador | Avocado, barley, bean, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, pea, onion, tomato, soybean, sugarcane | Bridge (1976) |
| 2 | Argentina | Corn, sunflower | Doucet (1986) |
| 3 | USA | Okra | Hopper (1959) |
| Wild poppy, barrel cactus, cotton | Knobloch and Laughlin (1973) | ||
| Tobacco | Ponchillia (1975) | ||
| Red clover, Kentucky bluegrass | Malek (1980) | ||
| Sorghum | Cuarezma-Teran and Trevathan (1985) | ||
| Potato | Hafez et al. (2010) | ||
| Switchgrass | Cassida et al. (2005) | ||
| Asia | |||
| 4 | Pakistan | Potato | Maqbool (1982) |
| Maqbool and Hashmi (1986) | |||
| 5 | India | Lily | Siddiqi (1961) |
| Potato | Krishna Prasad (2008) | ||
| 6 | Iran | Cultivated crops | Kheiri et al. (2002) |
| Africa | |||
| 7 | Ethiopia | Coffee | Mekete et al. (2008) |
| 8 | South Africa | Potato | Marais et al. (2015) |
| Soybean | Mbatyoti et al. (2020) | ||
| Europe | |||
| 9 | Italy | Lily, maize | Loof (1959), Vovlas (1983) |
| 10 | Bulgaria | Apple | Braasch (1978) |
| 11 | Cypress | Grapes | Antoniou (1981) |
| 12 | Turkey | Tomato, tobacco | Kasapog˘lu Uludamar et al. (2018) |
| Oceania | |||
| 13 | New Zealand | Tomato, tobacco, squash | Knight et al. (1997) |