Figure 1:
Study sites along the seashore of Vietnam. Three localities where fishes were infected with Anisakis larvae are print in bold.
Table 1.
Prevalence of Anisakis larvae infection in marine fishes in Vietnamese water.
| Locality | No. of fish examined | No. of fish species | Infected fish species | No. of infected/examined fish (%) | Density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quang Ninh | 615 | 62 | 0 | ||
| Hai Phong | 478 | 41 | 0 | ||
| Nam Dinh | 122 | 23 | 0 | ||
| Nghe An | 303 | 50 | 0 | ||
| Quang Binh | 520 | 75 | 0 | ||
| Hue | 211 | 28 | 0 | ||
| Khanh Hoa | 766 | 82 | Dcapterus macarellus | 10/20 (50.0) | 1-19 |
| Trichiurus lepturus | 6/20 (30.0) | 1-5 | |||
| Sargocentron rubrum | 1/10 (10.0) | 1 | |||
| Lutjanus johnii | 1/10 (10.0) | 1 | |||
| Megalaspis cordyla | 2/12 (16.7) | 1; 3 | |||
| Priacanthus hamrur | 1/8 (12.5) | 2 | |||
| Pristipomoides filamentosus | 3/10 (30.0) | 1; 1; 1 | |||
| Vung Tau | 40 | 6 | Megalaspis cordyla | 1/5 (20.0) | 6 |
| Bac Lieu | 390 | 58 | Carangoides malabaricus | 1/10 (10.0) | 1 |
| Kien Giang | 330 | 63 | 0 | ||
| Total | 3775 | 138 | 8 | 1-19 |
Figure 2:
Light micrographs of Anisakis typica larva. A. Whole larva; B. Anterior part of the body showing a long ventriculus; C. Anterior part of the body showing a boring tooth; D. Posterior end of the body showing a mucron.
Figure 3:
Scanning electron micrographs of Anisakis typica larva. A. Anterior end showing a mouth and a boring tooth; B. Posterior end showing a mucron.
Figure 4:
Phylogenetic tree reconstructed from ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of Anisakis typica from Vietnam and other Anisakis species. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Bootstrap values are shown above the nodes. The nucleotide sequences obtained in this study are printed in bold, and others from the GenBank database are shown with Accession No., species name, and two letter country code of their geographical origin (AU: Australia, BR: Brazil, CN: China, DK: Denmark, GL: Greenland, IN: Indonesia, IE: Ireland, JP: Japan, MU: Mauritius, NO: Norway, PG: Papua New Guinea, PL: Poland, PT: Portugal, TH: Thailand, TR: Turkey, US: United States of America, VN: Vietnam).
Table 2.
Intermediate fish hosts of Anisakis typica in the World and in Vietnam.
| No. | Host species | Localities | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sotalia guianensis | ||
| 2 | Auxis thazard | ||
| 3 | Thunnus thynnus | Brazil Coast | |
| 4 | Pseudopercis numida | ||
| 5 | Trachurus picturatus | ||
| 6 | Scomber japonicus | Portugal | Mattiucci et al. (2002), Marques et al. (2006), Pantoja et al. (2015) |
| 7 | Platichthys flesus | ||
| 8 | Scomberomorus commerson | ||
| 9 | Euthynnus affinis | ||
| 10 | Sarda orientalis | Somalia | |
| 11 | Coryphaena hippurus | ||
| 12 | Stenella attenuata | ||
| 13 | Globicephala macrorhynchus | Florida | Mattiucci et al. (2005) |
| 14 | Scomber scombrus | ||
| 15 | Merluccius merluccius | North Africa | Farjallah et al. (2008) |
| 16 | Phycis phycis | ||
| Scomber japonicus | Turkey | Pekmezci et al. (2014) | |
| 17 | Micromesistius poutassou | ||
| Trichiurus spp. | Japan | Umehara et al. (2010) | |
| Scomber japonicus | Suzuki et al. (2010) | ||
| 18 | Trichiurus lepturus | Korea | Lee et al. (2009) |
| 19 | Todarodes pacificus | ||
| 20 | Astroconger myriaster | Cho et al. (2015) | |
| 21 | Decapterus macarellus | ||
| 22 | Gerres oblongus | ||
| 23 | Pinjalo lewisi | ||
| 24 | Pinjalo pinjalo | Papua New Guinea | Koinari et al. (2013) |
| 25 | Selar crumenophthalmus | ||
| 26 | Scomberomorus maculatus | ||
| 27 | Thunnus albacares | ||
| 28 | Auxis rochei rochei | Indonexia | Palm et al. (2008) |
| 29 | Decapterus russelli | ||
| 30 | Nemipterus hexodon | Thailand | Tunya et al. (2020) |
| 31 | Nemipterus japonicus | ||
| 32 | Scomber australasicus | Taiwan | Umehara et al. (2010), Sonko et al. (2019) |
| Trichiurus lepturus | |||
| 1 | Carangoides malabaricus | ||
| 2 | Dcapterus macarellus | ||
| 3 | Sargocentron rubrum | ||
| 4 | Lutjanus johnii | Vietnam | In this study |
| 5 | Megalaspis cordyla | ||
| 6 | Priacanthus hamrur | ||
| 7 | Pristipomoides filamentosus | ||
| Trichiurus lepturus |