First record of native entomopathogenic nematodes from Montana agroecosystems

Sampling site	Farmer	Latitude	Longitude	Elevation (m)	Vegetation	Soil texture	Soil pH	Organic Matter (%)	Presence/Absence of EPNs	Re-culture^*
Pendroy	John Stoltz	N48.04130°	W112.16945°	4220	Wheat/Canola	Clay loam	8.2	3.9	+(3)	No
Pendroy	Kevin Johnson	N48.04206°	W112.20099°	4328	Wheat	Sandy clay loam	7.9	4.4	+(1)	No
Choteau	Joe Miller	N47.56785°	W112.13926°	3906	Fallow	Clay	7.8	3.2	−	−
Choteau	Mike Leys	N47.90238°	W112.3802°	−	Wheat	Sandy clay loam	8	3.3	+(2)	Yes (1 Steinernematid and 1 Heterorhabditid)
Valier	John Majerus	N48.18454°	W111.55524°	−	Wheat	Sandy clay loam	8.1	3.4	−
Conrad	Mark Grub	N48.6334°	W111.53175°	−	Peas	Sandy clay loam	7	2.9	−	−
Conrad	Mark Orcutt	N48.16259°	W111.52896°	3498	Fallow	Clay loam	8.1	2.3	−	−
Conrad	Garett Grub	N47.56786°	W112.13930°	−	Wheat/Vegetables	Sandy clay loam	7.8	2.4	+(2)	No
Kalispell	Ron De Yong	N48.1945°	W114.2341°	−	Fallow/Winter wheat	Loam	8.1	3.4	+(1)	Yes (1 Steinernematid)
Valier	Jeremy Curry	N48.3032°	W112.4055°	3749	Fallow/Wheat	Sandy clay loam	8.2	2.1	+(2)	No
Conrad	Zane Drishinski	N48.77764°	W111.8948°	3508	Alfalfa	Clay loam	6.8	2.8	−	−
Conrad	WTARC	N48.3076°	W111.9255°	−	Fallow/Wheat	Clay loam	7.8	2.9	−	−
Conrad	Garman	N48.27808°	W111.92616°	1116.05	Alfalfa	Clay loam	8.1	3.7	−	−
Choteau (Knees)	A Killion	N48.00729°	W111.36596°	1081.26	Chickpea	Clay loam	8.2	2.5	−	−
Knees	A Killion	N48.00729°	W111.36596°	1081.26	Flax	Clay loam	7.5	3.5	+(1)	No
Brady	Winterhood	N47.98468°	W111.84313°	1112.80	Fallow/Winter wheat	Sandy clay loam	7.3	1.9	+(1)	No
Collins	Chickenhead	N47.95588°	W111.90971°	1122.68	Chickpea	Clay	7.8	2.3	+(1)	No
Choteau		N47.91965°	W112.04917°	1177.36	Hemp	Clay	8.2	2.8	−	−
Choteau	Nesbitt	N47.79007°	W111.16589°	1224.32	Durum Wheat	Clay loam	6.6	4.4	−	−
Dutton	Tims	N47.83529°	W111.53990°	1144.20	Lentils	Clay loam	7.9	3.4	−	−
Shelby west	John Wigand	N48.56643°	W111.98537°	1103.57	Peas	Sandy clay loam	6.9	3.9	−	−
Shelby west	John Wigand	N48.57870°	W111.99317°	1087.12	Triticale	Sandy loam	7.6	2.6	−	−
Shelby West	John Wigand	N48.54374°	W111.99096°	1071.82	Fallow	Clay loam	7.6	2.3	−	−
Potter Rd Shelby	John Wigand	N48.65339°	W111.96044°	1057.40	Fallow	Clay loam	7.9	2.7	−	−
Sunburst	Koeye Fauque	N48.82692°	W111.85641°	1093.77	Chickpea	Sandy clay loam	8	2.9	+(1)	No
Sunburst	Koeye Fauque	N48.82701°	W111.81002°	1102.46	Spring wheat	Clay loam	8.2	2.3	−	−
Tiber	Duncan	N48.19011°	W111.25206°	993.03	Fallow	Clay loam	8.2	2.6	−	−
Tiber	Paul Kolstad	N48.17184°	W111.17372°	960.91	Fallow	Clay loam	8.1	2.3	−	−
Tiber	Wicks	N48.23188°	W111.14511°	1029.37	Lentil/Fallow	Clay loam	7.7	2.5	−	−
Tiber	Broadhurst	N48.27280°	W111.14571°	930.70	Fallow	Clay loam	8.1	2.6	−	−

1 Notes: The number in the parenthesis represents the number of positive samples with nematodes. ^*Reculture means if we were able to reculture EPN isolates found from the samples in G. mellonella

Table 2

Morphological characters of 3rd stage infective juveniles for three entomopathogenic nematode isolates from Montana, USA.

Character	Steinernema feltiae 1	Steinernema feltiae 2	ANOVA results	Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
L	820.25±11.16 (711-900)^a	807.85±9.60 (743-906)^a	t=0.82, df=37, P=0.11	602.25±9.48 (513-654)
D	28.48±0.73 (22-34.4)^a	29.93±0.57 (26-35)^a	t=−1.63, df=36, P=0.11	24.74±0.64 (18-31)
EP	64.45±1.94 (48-80)^a	55.25±1.72 (43-67)^b	t=3.45, df=37, P=0.001	77.35±2.24 (55-95)
NR	72±2.83 (42-91)^a	59.65±2.01 (48-81)^b	t=3.47, df=34, P=0.001	78.2±1.32 (68-90)
ES	90.2±2.97 (61-114)^a	87.7±2.02 (48-81)^a	t=0.68, df=33, P=0.50	106.5±3.10 (93-140)
T	79.34±1.49 (61-90)^a	80.85±1.09 (74-89)^a	t=−0.82, df=35, P=0.42	91.26±4.52 (56-140.3)
A	29.15±0.81 (24.58-39.68)^a	27.19±0.6 (23.23-32.78)^a	t=1.90, df=36, P=0.07	24.34±0.60 (14.93-28.5)
B	9.31±0.36 (7.45-13.15)^a	9.31±0.25 (7.40-11.13)^a	t=0.0, df=34, P=1.00	5.65±0.18 (3.063-5.52)
C	10.40±0.21 (8.67-13.14)^a	10.02±0.16 (8.78-11.19)^a	t=1.63, df=37, P=0.11	6.60±0.29 (2.10-9.16)
D%	72.42±2.36 (55.24-87.91)^a	63.62±2.37 (39.81-83.33)^a	t=−1.63, df=36, P=0.11	72.63±2.61 (72.29-59.14)
E%	81.60±2.63 (63.16-108.11)^a	68.42±2.11 (51.81-86.84)^b	t=3.82, df=36, P=0.0005	84.75±5.04 (49.52-98.21)

1 Notes: n=20. L, body length; D, maximum body diameter; EP, distance from anterior end to excretory pore; NR, distance from anterior end to nerve ring; ES, oesophagus length; T, tail length; A=L/D; B=L/ES; C=L/T; D%=EP/ES ×100; E%=EP/T×100. Figures are showing means ± standard error (µm). For Steinernema felitae isolates, means ± SE followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the (α=0.05).

Table 3

Morphological characteristics of males of three entomopathogenic nematode isolates from Montana, USA.

Character	Steinernema feltiae 1 (1st gen.)	Steinernema feltiae 2 (1st gen.)	t-test results	Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (2nd gen.)
L	1570.35±36.84 (1259-1813)^a	1304.8±43.3 (913-1570)^b	t=4.55, df=37, P<0.0001	802.1±20.16 (610-920)
D	96.93±3.01 (76-130)^a	96.05±3.14 (65-119)^a	t=0.20, df=38, P=0.85	62.3±1.99 (50-78)
EP	90.06±2.25 (73-115)^a	93±1.55 (84-109)^a	t=−1.05, df=34, P=0.30	77.9±1.17 (70-90)
NR	98.35±1.63 (88-113)^a	100±1.18 (88-110)^a	t=−0.80, df=35, P=0.43	80.45±1.32 (70-91)
ES	145.55±2.80 (121-167)^b	164.55±1.72 (154-180)^a	t=−5.63, df=32, P<0.0001	110.25±1.97 (97-129)
T	41.65±0.75 (36-48)^b	52.75±2.62 (34-72) ^a	t=−3.96, df=22, P=0.0006	61.58±3.59 (41-110)
ABD	44.72±1.07 (35-51)^b	62.85±3.00 (45-91)^a	t=−5.56, df=24, P<0.0001	34.51±0.67 (30-39.4)
SP	80.35±1.41 (67-92)^a	71.5±2.21 (58-98)^b	t=4.49, df=36, P<0.0001	41±1.26 (32-51)
GU	49.95±1.11 (41-59) ^a	45.85±0.86 (40-53) ^b	t=2.85, df=36, P=0.007	22.95±0.74 (14-28)
D%	62.09±1.47 (49.08-72.34)^a	56.56±0.86 (51.14-65.19)^a	t=0.20, df=38, P=0.85	70.90±1.19 (63.2-83.50)
SW%	181.27±4.51 (145.65-235.90)^a	117.34±6.81 (63.74-168)^a	t=7.63, df=33, P<0.0001	119.83±4.69 (91.37-164.52)
GS%	62.74±2.13 (49.40-85.51)^a	66.35±2.16 (51.19-91.38)^a	t=−1.16, df=38, P=0.25	56.85±2.61 (41.18-87.5)

1 Notes: n=20. L, body length; D, maximum body diameter; EP, distance from anterior end to excretory pore; NR, distance from anterior end to nerve ring; ES, oesophagus length; T, tail length; ABD, anal body diameter; SP, spicule length; GU, gubernaculum length; D%=EP/ES×100; SW%=SP/ABD×100; GS%=GU/SP×100. For Steinernema felitae isolates, means ± SE followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the (α=0.05). Figures are showing means ± standard error (µm)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2020-060 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 1 - 11

Submitted on: Dec 27, 2019

Published online: Jul 6, 2020

Published in print: Jan 1, 2020

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Entomopathogenic nematodes,

Golden Triangle Region of Montana,

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© 2020 Ramandeep K. Sandhi, Ratnasri Pothula, Satyendra K. Pothula, Byron J. Adams, Gadi V.P. Reddy, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 52 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)