Arimoto, M., Uesugi, R., Hinomoto, N., Sueyoshi, M. and Yoshimatsu, S. 2018. Molecular marker to identify the fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. (Diptera: Sciaridae), a new pest of Welsh onion and carrot in Japan. Applied Entomology and Zoology 53:419–424.
Bai, G. Y., Xu, H., Fu, Y. Q., Wang, X. Y., Shen, G. S., Ma, H. K., Feng, X., Pan, J., Gu, X. S., Guo, Y. Z., Ruan, W. B. and Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. 2016. A comparison of novel entomopathogenic nematode application methods for control of the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae). Journal of Economic Entomology 109:2006–2013.
Brust, M. L., Hoback, W. W. and Wright, R. J. 2007. Immersion tolerance in rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 16:135–138.
Cao, Q. L. 1985. Research on the occurrence and control of Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang in Tianjin, China. (In Chinese), Plant Protection 5:10–11.
Cavallaro, M. C. and Hoback, W. W. 2014. Hypoxia tolerance of larvae and pupae of the semi-terrestrial caddisfly (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 107:1081–1085.
Chen, C. Y., Shi, X. Y., Desneux, N., Han, P. and Gao, X. W. 2017. Detection of insecticide resistance in Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae) in China. Ecotoxicology 26:868–875.
Chen, C. Y., Shan, T. S., Liu, Y., Wang, C. C., Shi, X. Y. and Gao, X. W. 2019. Identification and functional analysis of a cytochrome P450 gene involved in imidacloprid resistance in Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 153:129–135.
Cloyd, R.A. and Dickinson, A. 2008. Procedure to enhance the recovery rate of fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila Lintner (Diptera: Sciaridae) adults from growing medium. HortScience 43:1528–1530.
Eskafi, F. M. and Fernandez, A. 1990. Larval-pupal mortality of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) from interaction of soil, moisture, and temperature. Environmental Entomology 19:1666–1670.
Gou, Y. P., Wang, G., Quandahor, P., Liu, Q. and Liu, C. Z. 2019. Effects of sex ratio on adult fecundity, longevity and egg hatchability of Bradysia difformis Frey at different temperatures. Plos One 14:e0217867.
Held, D. W., Potter, D. A., Gates, R. S. and Anderson, R. G. 2001. Modified atmosphere treatments as a potential disinfestation technique for arthropod pests in greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:430–438.
Hoback, W. W., Clark, T. L., Meinke, L. J., Higley, L. G. and Scalzitti, J. M. 2002. Immersion survival differs among three Diabrotica species. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 105:29–34.
Hugo, M. C. V., Navarro, S. R., Florido, J. E. B., Sierra, R. T. and Tovar, D. C. 2018. Metabolites and conidia of Beauveria bassiana for control of a darkwinged fungus gnat under greenhouse conditions. Southwestern Entomologist 43:691–703.
Jaffuel, G., Imperiali, N., Shelby, K., Campos-Herrera, R., Geisert, R., Maurhofer, M., Loper, J., Keel, T., Turlings, C. J. and Hibbard, B. E. 2019. Protecting maize from rootworm damage with the combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes. Scientific Reports 9:3127.
Katumanyane, A., Ferreira, T. and Malan, A. P. 2018a. A review of Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae) as pests in nursery and glasshouse crops, with special reference to biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes. African Entomology 26:1–13.
Katumanyane, A., Ferreira, T. and Malan, A. P. 2018b. Greenhouse application of Steinernema yirgalemense to control fungus gnats, Bradysia impatiens. Biocontrol 63:729–738.
Koppenhöfer, A. M. and Fuzy, E. M. 2007. Soil moisture effects on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei, S. glaseri, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and H. bacteriophora. Applied Soil Ecology 35:128–139.
Li, Z., Chambi, C., Du, T., Huang, C., Wang, F., Zhang, G., Li, C. and Juma Kayeke, M. 2019. Effects of water immersion and soil moisture content on larval and pupal survival of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insects 10:138.
Mc Namara, L., Kapranas, A., Williams, C. D., O’Tuama, P., Kavanagh, K. and Griffin, C. T. 2018. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against large pine weevil, Bactrocera minax, and their additive effects when combined with entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Pest Science 91:1407–1419.
Ma, J., Chen, S. L., Moens, M., Han, R. C. and De Clercq, P. 2013. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) against the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga. Journal of Pest Science 86:551–561.
Ma, J., Chen, S. L., Moens, M., De Clercq, P., Li, X. H. and Han, R. C. 2013. Characterization in biological traits of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from North China. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 114:268–276.
Maestre-Valero, J. F. and Martinez-Alvarez, V. 2010. Effects of drip irrigation systems on the recovery of dissolved oxygen from hypoxic water. Agricultural Water Management 97:1806–1812.
Martin, C. G., Mannion, C. M. and Schaffer, B. 2010. Survival of Diaprepes abbreviatus (coleoptera: curculionidae) larvae on green buttonwood trees in flooded marl soil and potting medium. Florida Entomologist 93:153–160.
Oliveira-Hofman, C., Kaplan, F., Stevens, G., Lewis, E., Wu, S. H., Alborn, H. T., Perret-Gentil, A. and Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. 2019. Pheromone extracts act as boosters for entomopathogenic nematodes efficacy. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 164:38–42.
R Core Team 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: https://www.R-project.org/.
San-Blas, E., Luzardo, M., Portillo, E., Fuenmayor, Y. and Bastidas, B. 2017. Heterorhabditis amazonensis for biological control of fungus gnats Bradysia difformis in Daisy gerberas. Biocontrol 62:847–855.
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Cottrell, T. E., Brown, I., Gardner, W. A., Hubbard, R. K. and Wood, B. W. 2006. Effect of soil moisture and a surfactant on entomopathogenic nematode suppression of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae. Journal of Nematology 38:474–482.
Shi, C. H., Hu, J. R., Xu, Y. Q., Yang, Y. T., Cheng, J. X. and Zhang, Y. J. 2016. Control efficacy of ozone water against the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera Sciaridae) and its influences on the growth and seed germination of Chinese chives. Acta Entomologica Sinica 59:1354–1362 (In Chinese).
Shi, C. H., Hu, J. R., Wei, Q. W., Yang, Y. T., Cheng, J. X., Han, H. L., Wu, Q. J., Wang, S. L., Xu, B. Y., Su, Q., Li, C. R. and Zhang, Y. J. 2018. Control of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) by soil solarization. Crop Protection 114:76–82.
Steffan, S., Singleton, M., Sokja, J., Zalapa, J., Dittl, T. and Harbut, R. 2012. Early-season flooding for insect pest control. Wisconsin Cranberry School Proceedings 20:24–28.
van Herk, W. G. and Vernon, R. S. 2006. Effect of temperature and soil on the control of a wireworm, Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) by flooding. Crop Protection 25:1057–1061.
Viteri, D. M., Linares, A. M. and Flores, L. 2018. Use of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in combination with low-toxicity insecticides to control fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Florida Entomologist 101:327–329.
Watanabe, E. and Miyake, S. 2018. Direct determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in an analytically challenging crop such as Chinese chives using selective ELISAs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes 53:707–712.
Woodman, J. D. 2015. Surviving a flood: effects of inundation period, temperature and embryonic development stage in locust eggs. Bulletin of Entomological Research 105:441–447.
Woodring, J. L. and Kaya, H. K. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid Nematodes: A Handbook of Biology and Techniques. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 331 Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR.
Wu, H., Gong, Q., Fan, K., Sun, R., Xu, Y. and Zhang, K. 2017. Synergistic effect of entomopathogenic nematodes and thiamethoxam in controlling Bradysia odoriphage Yang and Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae). Biological Control 111:53–60.
Yan, X., Zhao, G. and Han, R. 2019. Integrated management of chive gnats (Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang) in chives using entomopathogenic nematodes and low-toxicity insecticides. Insects 10:161.
Yang, X. B., Ying, G. G., Peng, P. A., Wang, L., Zhao, J. L., Zhang, L. J., Yuan, P. and He, H. P. 2010. Influence of biochars on plant uptake and dissipation of two pesticides in an agricultural soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58:7915–7921.
Zhang, P., He, M., Zhao, Y. H., Ren, Y. P., Wei, Y., Mu, W. and Liu, F. 2016. Dissipation dynamics of clothianidin and its control efficacy against Bradysia odoriphaga Yang and Zhang in Chinese chive ecosystems. Pest Management Science 72:1396–1404.