Responses of Anastrepha suspensa, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, and Sensitivity of Guava Production to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Fruit Fly Integrated Pest Management

Figures & Tables

Strategic EPN-augmentation option	In series, number of fruit tree⁻¹ on the ground	Total number of fruit on the ground in 1 hectare^b	Required IJs ha⁻¹ of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora	Estimated cost of total number of IJs (US$ ha⁻¹)
Hectare-wide EPN-augmentation or broadcasting at ‘(50 IJs cm⁻² spread over a fruit in 350 cm²)’ seems to be less cost-effective	na	na	5 × 10⁹	970^c
Applying Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IJs over each infested fruit on soil surface at 17,500 IJs fruit⁻¹ seems to be more economical	⩽1	⩽500	8,750,000	1.70
	2	1,000	17,500,000	3.40
	3	1,500	26,250,000	5.10
	4	2,000	35,000,000	6.79
	5^e	2,500	43,750,000	8.49
	6	3,000	52,500,000	10.19
	7	3,500	61,250,000	11.88
	8	4,000	70,000,000	13.58
	9	4,500	78,750,000	15.28
	10	5,000	87,500,000	16.98
	The average costs of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IJs ha⁻¹ in each month			9.34^d

		Methods to include Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in Caribfly IPM
	Before inclusion of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in IPM	Spot treatment technique	Hectare-wide broadcasting
Details	US$ ha⁻¹	US$ ha⁻¹	US$ ha⁻¹
1. Production costs^a
Irrigation	494	494	494
Fertilizers	1,359	1,359	1,359
Insecticides	1,112	1,112	1,112
Herbicides	1,112	1,112	1,112
Fungicides	988	988	988
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (in Table 1)	0	267	4,850
Labor (pruning; supervision; others)	1,606	1,606	1,606
Interest on capital (5%)	334	347	576
2. Fixed costs
Cash overhead:
Insurance	247	247	247
Taxes	247	247	247
Non-cash overhead:
Land rent	1,236	1,236	1,236
Other overhead	1,483	1,483	1,483
3. Harvesting and marketing costs
Picking and sales cost	6,919	6,919	6,919
4. Total costs	17,137	17,417	22,229
5. Returns on ‘wholesale base yield’
Annual wholesale base revenue^{b, c}	39,537	39,537	39,537
Annual base net income^d	22,400	22,120	17,308