Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita

Percentage inactive or dead Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) in Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) shoot aqueous (VSA) extracts and vetiver root aqueous (VRA) extracts.

	Percentage inactive J2		Percentage dead J2
Treatment^a	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3 rinsed
VSA 94%	53.4 bA^b	70.4 abA	68.2 aA
VRA 94%	79.6 aAB	86.7 aA	71.9 aA
VSA 71%	46.2 bB	63.5 bcA	71.1 aA
VRA 71%	74.4 aA	72.1 abA	68.0 aA
VSA 47%	39.8 bcB	49.3 cdB	67.6 aA
VRA 47%	50.3 bA	49.8 cdA	53.4 abA
VSA 24%	23.7 cdB	38.3 dAB	56.3 abA
VRA 24%	16.6 deB	34.3 deA	43.6 bA
0.48 mg/ml streptomycin sulfate	14.7 deA	18.7 efA	22.3 cA
Water	6.7 eB	9.8 fAB	17.5 cA

[i] ^aAll extracts were from shoots or roots of greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old vetiver cv. Sierra. Treatments were prepared from 100% extracts (undiluted extracts) containing streptomycin sulfate, diluted to 75%, 50%, and 25% with water, and then added to J2 suspensions in the wells. Final extract dilutions in the wells are presented in the table.

[ii] ^bValues are means of eight replications in each of the two trials, for a total of N = 16. Differences among treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey-Kramer’s adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ⩽ 0.05). Similar lower case letters indicate that means are not significantly different within a column; similar upper case letters indicate that means are not significantly different within a row.

Table 2

Percentage inactive or dead Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) in Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root ethanol (VRE) extracts, Tagetes patula (French marigold cv. Durango Mix) root ethanol (FMRE) extract, and in vetiver oil (VO). Extracts were prepared from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old and 4-yr-old vetiver cv. Sierra, and from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3.

	Percentage inactive J2		Percentage dead J2
Treatment^a	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3 rinsed
FMRE 0.95 mg/ml	34.9 aB^b	30.7 aB	69.1 aA
2-mon VRE 0.95 mg/ml	24.9 abcB	28.0 abB	38.3 bcA
1-yr VRE 0.95 mg/ml	27.6 abB	26.5 abB	42.4 bA
4-yr VRE 0.95 mg/ml	29.7 abB	30.0 aB	41.9 bA
VO 0.95 mg/ml	20.3 bcdA	12.6 cdA	17.1 deA
0.95% CTD	12.9 dA	8.0 dA	11.3 eA
FMRE 0.095 mg/ml	13.7 cdB	17.0 bcdB	35.0 bcA
2-mon VRE 0.095 mg/ml	16.2 cdA	20.2 abcA	24.0 cdeA
1-yr VRE 0.095 mg/ml	16.2 cdB	13.9 cdB	30.5 bcdA
4-yr VRE 0.095 mg/ml	14.2 cdB	11.0 cdB	27.8 bcdA
VO 0.095 mg/ml	9.7 dA	8.6 cdA	9.8 eA
0.095% CTD	12.8 dA	8.0 dA	11.8 eA
Sterile distilled water	11.8 dA	12.4 cdA	15.2 deA

[i] ^a2-mon VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; 1-yr VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from field-grown, 1-year-old cv. Songkha 3; 4-yr VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from greenhouse-grown, 4-yr-old cv. Sierra; VO = commercial vetiver oil. Treatments were prepared from 1.0 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml extracts that were dissolved in a solvent of equal parts castor oil, Tween 80, and dimethyl sulfoxide (CTD) and then added to J2 suspensions in the wells. Final extract dilutions in the wells are presented in the table.

[ii] ^bValues are means of eight replications in each of the two trials, for a total of N = 16. Differences among treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey-Kramer’s adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ⩽ 0.05). Similar lower case letters indicate that the means are not significantly different within a column; similar upper case letters indicate that the means are not significantly different within a row.

Table 3

Repellent activity of aqueous Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) extracts on Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles. The chemotaxis index (CI) was recorded after 24 hr.

Treatment^a	CI^b
2-mon VRA 0.1 g/ml	−0.5 b^c
2-mon VSA 0.1 g/ml	−0.6 b
Control sterile distilled water	0.0 a

[i] ^aVRA = vetiver root aqueous extracts from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; VSA = vetiver shoot aqueous extracts from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra.

[ii] ^bChemotaxis index (CI): ⩾0.2 indicated an attractant; between 0.2 and 0.1, a weak attractant; 0.1 to −0.1, without effect; between −0.1 and −0.2, a weak repellent; and ⩽−0.2, a repellent.

[iii] ^cValues are means of five replications in each of the two trials, for a total of N = 10. Differences among treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey-Kramer’s adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ⩽ 0.05). Similar lower case letters indicate that means are not significantly different.

Table 4

Repellent activity of Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) oil, vetiver root ethanol extracts, and Tagetes patula (French marigold cv. Durango Mix) root ethanol extracts on Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles. The chemotaxis index (CI) was recorded after 24 hr.

Treatment^a	CI^b
FMRE 0.1 g/ml	−0.4 de^c
2-mon VRE 0.1 g/ml	−0.6 e
1-yr VRE 0.1 g/ml	−0.3 bcd
4-yr VRE 0.1 g/ml	−0.3 cde
VO 0.1 g/ml	−0.1 abc
Ethanol	0.1 a
Sterile distilled water	0.0 ab

[i] ^a2-mon VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; 1-yr VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3; 4-yr VRE = vetiver root ethanol extracts from greenhouse-grown, 4-yr-old cv. Sierra; VO = commercial vetiver oil.

[ii] ^bChemotaxis Index (CI): ≥0.2 indicated an attractant; between 0.2 and 0.1, a weak attractant; 0.1 to −0.1, without effect; between −0.1 and −0.2, a weak repellent; and ⩽−0.2, a repellent.

[iii] ^cValues are means of five replications in each of the two trials, for a total of N = 10. Differences among treatments were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using Tukey–Kramer’s adjustment for multiple comparisons (P ⩽ 0.05). Similar lower case letters indicate that the means are not significantly different.

GC-MS spectra of crude *Vetiveria zizanioides* (vetiver) root ethanol (VRE) extracts and commercial vetiver oil (VO). (A) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 2-mon-old cv. Sierra; (B) VRE from field-grown, 1-yr-old cv. Songkha 3; (C) VRE from greenhouse-grown, 4-yr-old cv. Sierra; (D) commercial VO from Haiti.

Chemical structures of the major constituents in vetiver root crude extracts and commercial vetiver oil from *Vetiveria zizanioides*, determined by GC/MS analysis: (A) 3,3,8,8-tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid; (B) 6-isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol; (C) ethyl hexadecanoate; (D) ethyl 9,12-octadecadienoate; (E) 2-(4a,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol.

Table 5

Chemical composition of major constituents in three Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) root crude extracts and a commercial vetiver oil, determined by GC/MS analysis.

Source^a	Compound name^b	Retention time	Component percentage under peak^c	Molecular formula	Molecular weight
2-mon VRE	3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid (a sesquiterpene acid)	20.11	42.8	C₁₅H₂₂O₂	234
	6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol (a sesquiterpene alcohol)	19.46	11.2	C₁₅H₂₄O	220
1-yr VRE	3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid	20.12	26.1	C₁₅H₂₂O₂	234
	6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol	19.47	3.0	C₁₅H₂₄O	220
	Ethyl hexadecanoate (ethyl palmitate)	21.86	32.3	C₁₈H₃₆O₂	284
	Ethyl 9,12-Octadecadienoate (ethyl linoleate)	23.42	18.9	C₂₀H₃₆O₂	308
4-yr VRE	3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid	20.17	14.1	C₁₅H₂₂O₂	234
	6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol	19.46	9.9	C₁₅H₂₄O	220
VO	3,3,8,8-Tetramethyltricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]oct-5-ene-5-propanoic acid	20.15	0.7	C₁₅H₂₂O₂	234
	6-Isopropenyl-4,8a-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol	19.47	17.1	C₁₅H₂₄O	220
	2-(4a,8-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ol(the sesquiterpene alcohol γ-costol)	19.95	10.5	C₁₅H₂₄O	220

[ii] ^bThe components were identified based on the NIST mass spectra library.^cRepresents highest area peak of a given compound, and does not include any further isomers.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2018-008 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Page range: 147 - 162

Published online: Jun 3, 2018

Published in print: Jan 1, 2018

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Chemotaxis,

management,

marigold,

Meloidogyne incognita,

secondary metabolite,

sesquiterpenoid,

vetiver,

vetiver extract,

vetiver essential oil,

Vetiveria zizanioides.

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Life sciences, other

© 2018 Kansiree Jindapunnapat, Nathan D. Reetz, Margaret H. MacDonald, Ganga Bhagavathy, Buncha Chinnasri, Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon, Anongnuch Sasnarukkit, Kamlesh R. Chauhan, David J. Chitwood, Susan L.F. Meyer, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 50 (2018): Issue 2 (January 2018)

Activity of Vetiver Extracts and Essential Oil against Meloidogyne incognita

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Table 2

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