TABLE 1.
Prevalence of pinewood nematodes (PWN) in the pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus–infected trees at different sampling sites in Guangdong province, China.
| Collection sites (location, district) | Latitude, longitude | Average elevation (m) | No. of pupal chambers | Percent of the present PWN |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longtoushan, Huangpu | N 23°10′, E 113°49′ | 57 | 29 | 100 |
| Baiyunshan, Baiyun | N 23°29′, E 113°29′ | 45 | 32 | 100 |
| Datianshan, Huangpu | N 23°13′, E 113°48′ | 34 | 28 | 100 |
| Conghua, Conghua | N 23°55′, E 113°58′ | 34 | 27 | 100 |
TABLE 2.
Morphological groups of ophiostomatoid isolates from chambers of Monochamus alternatus in Guangdong province, China.
| Isolateno. | Anamorph in culture | Genbank no. | Closest matching GenBank | Score | Accession no. of match | Species identified | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ITS | β-tubulin | ITS | β-tubulin | ITS | β-tubulin | ||||
| 30634 a | Pesotum | GU170426 | GU170410 | Ophiostoma ips | 99 | 99 | AY172021 | FJ012142 | Ophiostoma ips |
| 30635 | Sporothrix | GU170430 | GU170414 | Ophiostoma stenoceras | 88 | AF484458 | Sporothrix sp. 2 | ||
| 30636 | Sporothrix | GU170419 | GU170403 | Ophiostoma breviusculum | 95 | 92 | AB200423 | AB200428 | Sporothrix sp. 1 |
| 30637 | Sporothrix | GU170431 | GU170415 | O. stenoceras | 88 | AF484458 | Sporothrix sp. 2 | ||
| 30638 | Sporothrix | GU170432 | GU170416 | O. stenoceras | 88 | AF484458 | Sporothrix sp. 2 | ||
| 30697 | Sporothrix | GU170422 | GU170406 | O. breviusculum | 95 | 92 | AB200423 | AB200428 | Sporothrix sp. 1 |
TABLE 3.
No. of isolates of the different fungal species obtained from the pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus in Guangdong province, China.
| Collection sites | Sporothrix sp. 1 | Sporothrix sp. 2 | Ophiostoma ips | Total no. of isolates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longtoushan | 7 | 5 | 6 | 18 |
| Baiyunshan | 6 | 5 | 4 | 15 |
| Datianshan | 6 | 7 | 4 | 17 |
| Conghua | 5 | 6 | 4 | 15 |
| Total (percentage frequency) | 24 (36.9) | 23 (35.4) | 18 (27.7) | 65 |
FIG. 1.
Competitive development of associated ophiostomatoid fungal species. The proportion of each species accounting for the line between two inoculates were showed for each treatment. The columns with solid fill represent the fungi from Guangdong province, whereas those with backslash fill represent data from Zhejiang province. Blue column and sp1, Sporothrix sp. 1; red column and ips, Ophiostoma ips; green column and sp2, Sporothrix sp. 2. *** indicates P < 0.001 using the paired t test with the arcsine-transformed data.
FIG. 2.
Effects of fatty acid ethyl esters from Monochamus alternatus surface on Sporothrix sp. 1. A. Fungi from Guangdong province. B. Fungi from Zhejiang province. EL = ethyl linoleate, EO = ethyl oleate, ES = ethyl stearate, and EP = ethyl palmitate. Bars with the same letters are not significantly different at P > 0.05.
FIG. 3.
Effects of fungi on the fitness of pinewood nematode in Guangdong province. The fecundity of nematodes (A), the body length of (B) female, (C) male, and (D) third-stage dispersal juveniles reared on three different fungi was counted and measured. Different letters indicate significant differences.
FIG. 4.
Schematic presentation of the symbiotic association among Monochamus alternatus, Burcaphelenchus xylophilus, and associated ophiostomatoid fungi.