References
- Belair, G., and Khanizadeh, S. 1994. Distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in strawberry and raspberry fields in Quebec. Phytoprotection 72:21-25.
- Castillo, P., and Vovlas, N. 2007. Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management. Leiden, the Netherlands: Nematology Monographs & Perspectives.
- Davis, E. L., and MacGuidwin, A. E. 2005. Lesion nematode disease. The Plant Health Instructor (June 21, 2015). American Phytopatholog-ical Society. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1030-02,
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/Nematodes/Pages/LesionNematode.aspx . - Eissenstat, D. M. 1992. Costs and benefits of constructing roots of small diameter. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15:763-782.
- Forge, T. A., DeYoung, R., and Vrain, T. C. 1998. Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of Pratylenchus penetrans under raspberry. Journal of Nematology 30:179-183.
- Forge, T. A., Larney, F. J., Kawchuk, L. M., Pearson, D. C., Koch, C., and Blackshaw, R. E. 2015. Crop rotation effects on Pratylenchus neglectus populations in the root zone of irrigated potatoes in southern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 37:363-368.
- Gigot, J. A., Zasada, I. A., and Walters, T. W. 2013a. Integration of brassicaceous seed meals into red raspberry production systems. Applied Soil Ecology 64:23-31.
- Gigot, J. A., Zasada, I. A., and Walters, T. W. 2013b. Impact and occurrence of Phytophthora rubi and Pratylenchus penetrans in commercial red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) fields in northwestern Washington. International Journal of Fruit Science 13:357-372.
- Haar, M.J., Fennimore, S. A., Ajwa, H. A., and Winterbottom, C. Q. 2003. Chloropicrin effect on weed seed viability. Crop Protection 22:109-115.
- Howland, A. D., Schreiner, R. P., and Zasada, I. A. 2014. Spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in semi-arid Vitis vinifera vineyards in Washington. Journal of Nematology 46:321-330.
- Ingham, R. E. 1994. Nematodes. Pp. 459-490 in S. H. Michelson, ed. Methods of soil analysis part 2: Microbiological and biochemical properties. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
- Kimpinski, J., and Dunn, R. A. 1985. Effect of low temperatures in the field and laboratory on survival of Pratylenchus penetrans. Plant Disease 69:526-527.
- MacGuidwin, A. E., and Forge, T. A. 1991. Winter survival of Pra-tylenchus scribneri. Journal of Nematology 23:198-204.
- Mani, A. 1999. Survival of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus jorda-nensis Hashum in a fallow field after harvest of alfalfa. Nematology 1:79-84.
- Martin, F. N. 2003. Development of alternative strategies for management of soilborne pathogens currently controlled with methyl bromide. Annual Review of Phytopathology 41:325-350.
- McElroy, F. D. 1977. Effect of two nematode species on establishment, growth, and yield of raspberry. Plant Disease Reporter 61:277-279.
- McElroy, F. D. 1991. Nematode parasites. Pp. 59-62 in M. A. Ellis, R. H. Converse, R. N. Williams, and B. Williamson, eds. Compendium of raspberry and blackberry diseases and insects. St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
- McElroy, F. D. 1992. A plant health care program for brambles in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Nematology 24:457-462.
- McGovern, R. J., Vavrina, C. S., Noling, J. W., Datnoff, L. A., and Yonce, H. D. 1998. Evaluation of application methods of metam sodium for management of Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato in Southwest Florida. Plant Disease 82:919-923.
- McKenry, M. V., and Thomason, I. J. 1974. 1, 3-dichloropropene and 1, 2-dibromoethance compounds: I. Movement and fate as affected by various conditions in several solid; II. Organism-dosage response studies in the laboratory with several nematode species. Hilgardia 42:392-438.
- McSorley, R. 2003. Adaptations of nematodes to environmental extremes. Florida Entomologist 86:138-142.
- Pudasaini, M. P., Schomaker, C. H., Been, T. H., and Moens, M. 2006. Vertical distribution of plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, under four field crops. Phytopathology 96:226-233.
- Qin, R., Gao, S., and Ajwa, H. 2013. Emission and distribution of fumigants as affected by soil moistures in three different textured soils. Chemosphere 90:66-872.
- Ristaino, J. B., and Thomas, W. 1997. Agriculture, methyl bromide, and the ozone hole: Can we fill the gaps. Plant Disease 81:964-977.
- Stirling, G. R., Blair, B. L., Pattemore, J. A., Garside, A. L., and Bell, M. J. 2001. Changes in nematode populations on sugarcane following fallow, fumigation and crop rotation, and implications for the role of nematodes in yield decline. Australian Plant Pathology 30:323-335.
- Thies, W. G., and Nelson, E. E. 1987. Reduction of Phellinus weirii inoculum in Douglas fir stumps by the fumigants chloropicrin, vorlex or methylisothiocyanate. Forest Science 33:316-329.
- Thomas, W. B. 1996. Methyl bromide: Effective pest management tool and environmental threat. Journal of Nematology 28:586-589.
- Townsend, J. L. 1973. Survival of Pratylenchus penetrans and P. minyus in two Ontario soils. Nematologica 19:35-42.
- Townsend, J. L., and Webber, L. R. 1971. Movement of Pratylenchus penetrans and the moisture characteristics of three Ontario soils. Nematologica 17:47-57.
- Trudgill, D. L., and Brown, D. J. F. 1978. Pratylenchus penetrans: A potential pest of raspberries in Scotland. Plant Pathology 27:101.
- United States Department of Agriculture (uSDA). 2016. Noncitrus fruits and nuts 2015 summary.
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/NoncFruiNu//2010s/2016/NoncFruiNu-07-06-2016.pdf . - United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2012. Soil fumigant mitigation factsheet: phase 2 site-specific fumigant management plans and post-application summaries. (October 21, 2015).
http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-10/documents/sfm-phase2-sitespec-mgmnt-plans-2012.pdf . - Walters, T. W., Pinkerton, J. N., Riga, E., Zasada, I. A., Partika, M., Yoshida, H. A., and Ishida, C. 2009. Managing plant-parasitic nematodes in established red raspberry fields. HortTechnology 19:762-768.
- Wilcox, W. F., Scott, P. H., Hamm, P. B., Kennedy, D. M., Duncan, J. M., Brasier, C. M., and Hansen, E. M. 1993. Identity of a Phytophthora species attacking raspberry in Europe and North American. Mycological Research 97:817-831.
- Wilder, K. L., and Righetti, T. L. 1991. Identifying nutrient deficiency and toxicity in red raspberry (February 2, 2016). Pacific Northwest Extension. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/ bitstream/handle/1957/33476/pnw3721991.pdf?sequence=3.
- Zasada, I. A., Halbrendt, J. M., Kokalis-Burelle, N., LaMondia, J., McKenry, M. V., and Noling, J. W. 2010. Managing nematodes without methyl bromide. Annual Review of Phytopathology 48:311-328.
- Zasada, I. A., Weiland, J. E., Han, Z., Walters, T. W., and Moore, P. 2015. Impact of Pratylenchus penetrans on establishment of red raspberry. Plant Disease 99:939-946.
- Zunke, U. 1990. Observations on the invasion and endoparasitic behavior of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Journal of Nematology 22:309-320.