Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Sample distribution (n)_
| Variables | Sex | Gender | ILG | FWS | FHR | ANB | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | Child | Adolescent | Adult | Small | Medium | Large | Small | Medium | Large | Hyper | Normo | Hypo | Class III | Class I | Class II | ||
| y<12 | 12≤y≤18 | y>18 | ILG<3 mm | 3 mm≤ILG ≤4 mm | ILG>4 mm | FWS<1.2 mm | 1.2 mm≤FWS ≤2 mm | FWS>2 mm | FHR<62% | 62%≤FHR ≤65% | FHR>65% | ANB<1° | 1°≤ANB ≤4° | ANB>4° | |||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||
| Male | 47 | 17 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 22 | 6 | 14 | 27 | 11 | 21 | 15 | |
| Female | 57 | 23 | 17 | 17 | 26 | 15 | 16 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 8 | 27 | 22 | |
| Age | |||||||||||||||||
| Child | 17 | 23 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 18 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 7 | 21 | 12 | |||
| Adolescent | 18 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 18 | |||
| Adult | 12 | 17 | 18 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 5 | 17 | 7 | |||
| ILG | |||||||||||||||||
| Small | 14 | 26 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 19 | 10 | 18 | 12 | |||
| Medium | 16 | 15 | 16 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 17 | 9 | |||
| Large | 17 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 16 | |||
| FWS | |||||||||||||||||
| Small | 13 | 23 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 19 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 17 | 4 | 20 | 12 | |||
| Medium | 12 | 19 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 13 | 14 | |||
| Large | 22 | 15 | 18 | 14 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 11 | 15 | 11 | |||
| FHR | |||||||||||||||||
| Hyper | 6 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 12 | 11 | |||
| Normo | 14 | 18 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 11 | |||
| Hypo | 27 | 20 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 17 | 12 | 18 | 10 | 22 | 15 | |||
| ANB | |||||||||||||||||
| Class III | 11 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 7 | 10 | |||
| Class I | 21 | 27 | 21 | 10 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 13 | 20 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 22 | |||
| Class II | 15 | 22 | 12 | 18 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 15 | |||
| Total (each) | 104 | 40 | 35 | 29 | 40 | 31 | 33 | 36 | 31 | 37 | 25 | 32 | 47 | 19 | 48 | 37 | |
Cephalometric changes from maximum intercuspal position (MIP) to rest position (RP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at RP_
| Means (SD, mm) and P values | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=104) | ILG<3 (n=40) | 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) | ILG>4 (n=33) | P value | FWS<1.2 (n=36) | 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) | FWS>2 (n=37) | P value | |
| Skeletal variables | |||||||||
| Sum | 1.30 (1.68) | 1.15 (1.54) | 1.66 (1.92) | 1.15 (1.59) | 0.365 (0.476) | 0.64b (1.16) | 0.87b (1.23) | 2.30a (1.97) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| MPA | 1.26 (1.74) | 1.04 (1.55) | 1.62 (2.00) | 1.19 (1.70) | 0.362 (0.440) | 0.52b (1.14) | 0.97b (1.27) | 2.22a (2.13) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| AFH | 2.24 (2.17) | 1.81 (1.80) | 2.90 (2.74) | 2.16 (1.86) | 0.105 (0.129) | 1.14b (1.69) | 1.89b (1.03) | 3.61a (2.56) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| PFH | 0.23 (6.64) | −1.00 (10.54) | 1.15 (1.50) | 0.85 (1.27) | 0.326 (0.451) | −1.36 (11.05) | 1.06 (1.29) | 1.07 (1.53) | 0.210 (0.160) |
| FHR (PFH/AFH) | −0.49 (1.26) | −0.46 (1.10) | −0.59 (1.52) | −0.45 (1.20) | 0.882 (0.978) | −0.26a,b (0.93) | −0.18a (1.05) | −0.98b (1.55) | 0.012* (0.034*) |
| ANB | 0.29 (0.90) | 0.26 (0.77) | 0.51 (0.96) | 0.12 (0.98) | 0.226 | −0.06b (0.60) | 0.09b (0.72) | 0.80a (1.06) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| AO-BO | −0.35 (1.60) | −0.30 (1.22) | −0.13 (1.69) | −0.62 (1.91) | 0.455 (0.781) | −0.64 (1.15) | −0.25 (1.17) | −0.15 (2.19) | 0.404 (0.302) |
| Dental variables | |||||||||
| OJ | −0.05 (1.62) | 0.32 (1.42) | −0.17 (1.51) | −0.39 (1.88) | 0.154 (0.145) | −0.50b (1.29) | −0.33b (1.08) | 0.62a (2.04) | 0.005** (0.012*) |
| OB | −1.92 (1.93) | −1.50 (1.65) | −2.46 (2.23) | −1.92 (1.89) | 0.114 (0.078) | −0.67a (1.06) | −1.51a (1.10) | −3.47b (2.10) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| IIA | −0.55 (1.58) | −0.39 (1.54) | −0.80 (1.74) | −0.51 (1.49) | 0.552 | −0.24 (1.31) | −0.49 (1.59) | −0.91 (1.78) | 0.197 |
| OPA | 0.61 (1.47) | 0.50 (1.33) | 0.63 (1.60) | 0.73 (1.55) | 0.800 | 0.27b (1.25) | 0.14b (1.24) | 1.34a (1.60) | 0.001** (0.002**) |
| Soft tissue variables | |||||||||
| NLA | −2.08 (4.52) | −0.81a (3.70) | −1.37a (3.91) | −4.29b (5.23) | 0.002** (0.001**) | −2.24 (4.07) | −2.38 (3.81) | −1.68 (5.48) | 0.792 |
| UL-EL | 0.73 (1.02) | 0.72 (1.08) | 0.64 (0.96) | 0.84 (1.04) | 0.730 (0.821) | 0.49b (0.88) | 0.59a,b (1.07) | 1.09a (1.04) | 0.028* (0.033*) |
| LL-EL | 1.01 (1.59) | 0.51b (2.06) | 1.11a,b (.88) | 1.52a (1.29) | 0.022* (0.052) | 0.87 (1.06) | 1.10 (1.12) | 1.08 (2.26) | 0.796 (0.254) |
| ULL | −0.16 (0.96) | 0.16b (0.81) | −0.02b (0.76) | −0.69a (1.10) | <0.001*** | −0.35 (1.06) | −0.20 (0.61) | 0.06 (1.08) | 0.179 |
| LLL | −0.45 (1.62) | 0.03b (1.34) | 0.28b (1.42) | −1.72a (1.38) | <0.001*** | −0.85 (1.43) | −0.25 (1.60) | −0.23 (1.78) | 0.191 |
| LLR (LLL/ULL) | −0.01 (0.10) | −0.02 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.11) | 0.210 | −0.00 (0.09) | −0.00 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.12) | 0.721 |
| MLA | −4.54 (5.80) | −3.93 (6.26) | −3.89 (4.75) | −5.90 (6.05) | 0.267 | −4.18 (6.27) | −3.11 (4.84) | −6.10 (5.84) | 0.094 |
| MLSD | 0.46 (0.72) | 0.30 (0.67) | 0.44 (0.52) | 0.69 (0.87) | 0.064 | 0.47 (0.76) | 0.28 (0.59) | 0.61 (0.75) | 0.178 |
| ULT | 0.65 (1.34) | 0.49 (1.50) | 0.44 (1.00) | 1.04 (1.36) | 0.122 | 0.72 (1.25) | 0.74 (1.11) | 0.50 (1.59) | 0.692 |
| LLT | 2.20 (14.56) | 0.61 (1.50) | 5.46 (26.59) | 1.07 (1.43) | 0.330 (0.513) | 0.74 (1.27) | 5.73 (26.54) | 0.66 (1.69) | 0.276 (0.808) |
| STCT | −0.40 (4.71) | −0.03 (0.73) | −1.32 (8.27) | 0.02 (2.32) | 0.434 | 0.12 (0.86) | −1.14 (8.33) | −0.29 (2.04) | 0.550 |
| Z-angle | −0.74 (6.74) | −0.11 (1.33) | 2.26 (12.21) | 0.08 (1.14) | 0.331 (0.833) | −0.36 (1.21) | −0.20 (1.02) | 2.60 (11.06) | 0.113 (0.055) |
Frequency distributions of lip competence and incompetence, and smile line according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at rest position (RP)_
| Interlabial gap (ILG) | Freeway space (FWS) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=104) | Small ILG<3 mm (n = 40) n (%) | Medium 3 mm≤ILG≤4 mm (n = 31) n (%) | Large ILG>4 mm (n = 33) n (%) | P value | Small FWS<1.2 mm (n =36) n (%) | Medium 1.2 mm≤FWS≤2 mm (n = 31) | Large FWS>2 mm (n = 37) n (%) | P value |
| Lip competence | 27 (40.3%) | 25 (37.3%) | 15 (22.4%) | 0.157 | 25 (37.3%) | 19 (28.4%) | 23 (34.3%) | 0.658 |
| (n = 67) | (67.5%) | (80.6%) | (45.5%) | (69.4%) | (61.3%) | (62.2%) | ||
| Lip incompetence | 13 (35.1%) | 6 (16.2%) | 18 (48.6) | 0.053 | 11 (29.7%) | 12 (32.4%) | 14 (37.8%) | 0.828 |
| (n = 37) | (32.5%) | (19.4%) | (54.5%) | (30.6%) | (38.7) | (37.8%) | ||
| P value | 0.027* | 0.001** | 0.602 | 0.020* | 0.209 | 0.139 | ||
| Low smile line | 8 (28.6%) | 10 (35.7%) | 10 (35.7%) | 0.867 | 11 (39.3%) | 7 (25.0%) | 10 (35.7%) | 0.629 |
| (n = 28) | (20.0) | (32.3%) | (30.3%) | (30.6%) | (22.6%) | (27.0%) | ||
| Average smile line | 29 (46.0%) | 17 (27.0%) | 17 (27.0%) | 0.102 | 20 (31.7%) | 19 (30.2%) | 24 (38.1%) | 0.717 |
| (n = 63) | (72.5%) | (54.8%) | (51.5%) | (55.6%) | (61.3%) | (64.9%) | ||
| High smile line | 3 (23.1%) | 4 (30.8%) | 6 (46.2%) | 0.584 | 5 (38.5%) | 5 (38.5%) | 3 (23.1%) | 0.735 |
| (n = 13) | (7.5%) | (12.9%) | (18.2%) | (13.9%) | (16.1%) | (8.1%) | ||
| P value | <0.001*** | 0.017* | 0.060 | 0.009** | 0.004** | <0.001*** | ||
Cephalometric measurements at rest position (RP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at RP_
| Means (SD, mm) and P values | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=104) | ILG<3 (n=40) | 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) | ILG>4 (n=33) | P value | FWS<1.2 (n=36) | 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) | FWS>2 (n=37) | P value | |
| Skeletal variables | |||||||||
| Sum | 397.04 (6.36) | 396.88 (6.38) | 396.11 (6.10) | 398.10 (6.61) | 0.454 | 397.75 (6.28) | 396.11(5.71) | 397.13 (7.00) | 0.574 |
| MPA | 28.65 (5.67) | 28.62 (5.25) | 27.48 (4.94) | 29.78 (6.68) | 0.273 | 29.06 (6.05) | 27.80 (4.95) | 28.96 (5.94) | 0.611 |
| AFH | 131.33 (10.65) | 131.83 (11.82) | 128.02 (9.52) | 133.84 (9.63) | 0.085 (0.088) | 131.50 (11.26) | 131.74 (10.59) | 130.82 (10.37) | 0.934 |
| PFH | 84.32 (12.36) | 83.61 (15.72) | 83.60 (10.34) | 85.87 (9.29) | 0.689 (0.730) | 82.29 (14.99) | 86.58 (11.04) | 84.41 (10.41) | 0.368 (0.755) |
| FHR (PFH/AFH) | 64.63 (4.95) | 64.63 (5.12) | 65.16 (4.78) | 64.12 (4.98) | 0.708 | 64.05 (4.66) | 65.56 (4.91) | 64.41 (5.26) | 0.439 (0.599) |
| ANB | 3.31 (2.61) | 2.58 (2.68) | 3.49 (2.34) | 4.03 (2.60) | 0.055 (0.100) | 3.22 (2.39) | 3.54 (2.21) | 3.21 (3.12) | 0.845 |
| AO-BO | −3.10 (4.05) | −3.80 (4.75) | −3.15 (3.41) | −2.21 (3.58) | 0.247 (0.255) | −3.40 (3.35) | −2.11 (3.49) | −3.63 (4.95) | 0.262 (0.306) |
| Dental variables | |||||||||
| OJ | 3.52 (2.68) | 2.91 (2.77) | 3.64 (2.65) | 4.13 (2.51) | 0.143 | 3.07 (2.44) | 3.89 (2.11) | 3.64 (3.27) | 0.437 (.282) |
| OB | 0.19 (2.57) | 0.09 (2.66) | 0.11 (2.54) | 0.37 (2.55) | 0.881 (0.881) | 1.22b (2.07) | 0.68b (1.62) | −1.24a (3.03) | <0.001*** (0.001**) |
| IIA | 123.03 (10.81) | 124.08b (8.40) | 127.27b (12.49) | 117.76a (9.84) | 0.001** | 121.04a (9.47) | 119.37a (9.14) | 128.03b (11.69) | 0.001** |
| OPA | 12.92 (4.50) | 12.16 (4.08) | 13.17 (4.35) | 13.60 (5.09) | 0.374 | 13.01 (3.86) | 11.62 (4.99) | 13.91 (4.50) | 0.111 |
| FWS | 1.87 (1.24) | 1.58 (1.15) | 2.18 (1.43) | 1.94 (1.09) | 0.119 (0.097) | 0.79 (0.33)a | 1.60b (0.21) | 3.16c (1.13) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) |
| Soft tissue variables | |||||||||
| NLA | 93.25 (10.37) | 92.92 (10.79) | 92.92 (10.75) | 93.96 (9.76) | 0.894 (0.921) | 95.48 (9.03) | 92.27 (12.91) | 91.90 (9.07) | 0.279 (0.217) |
| UL-EL | 2.03 (3.03) | 0.64a (2.96) | 2.27a,b (2.66) | 3.49b (2.74) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) | 1.90 (3.26) | 1.97 (2.71) | 2.20 (3.12) | 0.907 (0.669) |
| LL-EL | 3.72 (3.05) | 2.64a (2.56) | 3.17a (2.64) | 5.55b (3.18) | <0.001*** (<0.001***) | 4.09 (3.24) | 3.84 (2.57) | 3.27 (3.24) | 0.506 (0.912) |
| ULL | 27.87 (3.10) | 28.16a,b (3.13) | 26.63a (3.04) | 28.69b (2.82) | 0.021* | 28.35 (3.06) | 27.90 (3.50) | 27.39 (2.77) | 0.418 |
| LLL | 48.11 (5.36) | 48.86 (5.78) | 47.23 (5.51) | 48.02 (4.68) | 0.447 | 47.44 (5.27) | 48.23 (4.71) | 48.86 (6.00) | 0.620 |
| LLR (LLL/ULL) | 2.02 (0.20) | 2.01 (0.22) | 2.05 (0.21) | 2.01 (0.18) | 0.662 | 1.97 (0.20) | 2.03 (0.21) | 2.06 (0.20) | 0.124 |
| MLA | 143.99 (12.34) | 145.95 (13.66) | 141.06 (10.54) | 144.35 (12.04) | 0.249 | 143.53 (13.07) | 146.44 (12.17) | 142.37 (11.74) | 0.387 |
| MLSD | 4.17 (1.55) | 3.86 (1.57) | 4.55 (1.52) | 4.19 (1.51) | 0.183 | 4.22 (1.68) | 3.85 (1.42) | 4.39 (1.51) | 0.353 |
| ULT | 14.92 (2.47) | 14.59 (2.05) | 15.33 (2.87) | 14.94 (2.53) | 0.462 | 14.16a (2.34) | 14.46a (2.23) | 16.05b (2.42) | 0.002** |
| LLT | 18.10 (14.50) | 16.31 (1.70) | 21.49 (26.37) | 17.096 (2.15) | 0.294 (0.329) | 16.33 (1.81) | 21.31 (26.41) | 17.13 (1.91) | 0.332 (0.185) |
| STCT | 13.74 (2.38) | 13.54 (2.18) | 14.08 (2.43) | 13.66 (2.59) | 0.485 | 13.40 (2.17) | 13.81 (2.00) | 14.01 (2.85) | 0.536 |
| Z-angle | 73.12 (8.43) | 74.16 (5.56) | 72.76 (12.98) | 72.21 (5.57) | 0.596 (0.204) | 73.47 (4.94) | 73.71 (5.72) | 72.31 (12.30) | 0.761 (0.612) |
| UIE | 2.60 (1.89) | 1.94a (1.62) | 2.36a (1.48) | 3.61b (2.15) | <0.001*** (0.001**) | 2.66 (1.88) | 2.76 (1.86) | 2.10 (1.95) | 0.711 (0.623) |
| ILG | 3.58(1.74) | 2.02a (0.65) | 3.46b (0.26) | 5.54c (1.46) | <0.001*** (0.001**) | 3.24 (1.80) | 3.38 (1.35) | 4.04 (1.90) | 0.111 (0.088) |
Definitions of the cephalometric variables used in this study_
| Variables | Definition |
|---|---|
| Distances (mm) | |
| AFH (anterior facial height) | Distance between nasion to menton |
| PFH (posterior facial height) | Distance between sella to gonion |
| AO-BO (Wits appraisal) | Distance between point A and point B parallel to occlusal plane |
| OJ (incisor overjet) | Distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular and maxillary central incisors parallel to the occlusal plane |
| OB (incisor overbite) | Distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular and maxillary central incisors perpendicular to the occlusal plane |
| UADAH (upper anterior dentoalveolar height) | Perpendicular distance between the incisal tips of the maxillary central incisors and palatal plane |
| UPDAH (upper posterior dentoalveolar height) | Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary first molars and palatal plane |
| LADAH (lower anterior dentoalveolar height) | Perpendicular distance between the incisal tips of the mandibular central incisors and palatal plane |
| LPDAH (lower posterior dentoalveolar height) | Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the mandibular first molars and palatal plane |
| UL-EL (upper lip-esthetic line) | Perpendicular distance between the upper lip anterior and esthetic line connecting the pronasale and soft tissue pogonion |
| LL-EL (lower lip-esthetic line) | Perpendicular distance between the lower lip anterior and esthetic line connecting the pronasale and soft tissue pogonion |
| ULL (upper lip length) | Distance between subnasale to stomion superioris perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane connecting porion and orbitale |
| LLL (lower lip length) | Distance between soft tissue menton to stomion inferioris perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane |
| ULT (upper lip thickness) | Distance between the most labial point of the maxillary central incisors and upper lip anterior |
| LLT (lower lip thickness) | Distance between the most labial point of the mandibular central incisors and lower lip anterior |
| MLSD (mentolabial sulcus depth) | Perpendicular distance between soft tissue point B and line connecting the lower lip inferior and soft tissue pogonion |
| STCT (soft tissue chin thickness) | Distance between pogonion and soft tissue pogonion |
| FWS (freeway space) | Perpendicular distance between the mesiobuccal cusps of the maxillary first molars and the mandibular posterior occlusal plane connecting the mesiobuccal cusps of the mandibular first and second molars |
| ILG (interlabial gap) | Distance between the upper and lower stomions perpendicular to the SN-7 (7° to the sella-nasion line through the sella) |
| UIE (upper incisor exposure) | Distance between the upper stomion and incisal edge of the maxillary incisor at rest position |
| Angles (°) | |
| Bjork Sum | Sum of SA (saddle angle), AA (articular angle), and GA (gonial angle) |
| MPA (mandibular plane angle) | Angle between FH plane and mandibular plane connecting menton and gonion |
| PPA (palatal plane angle) | Angle between FH plane and palatal plane connecting the anterior nasal spine and posterior nasal spine |
| ANB | Angle formed by point A, nasion, and point B |
| U1 to FH | Angle between the long axis of the maxillary incisors and FH plane |
| IMPA (incisor-mandibular plane angle) | Angle between the mandibular plane and long axis of the mandibular central incisors |
| IIA (interincisal angle) | Angle between the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors |
| OPA (occlusal plane angle) | Angle between FH plane and occlusal plane connecting the midpoint of the mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary and mandibular first molars and midpoint of the incisal tips of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors |
| NLA (nasolabial angle) | Angle formed by columella, subnasale, and labiale superius |
| MLA (mentolabial angle) | Angle formed by lower lip anterior, soft tissue point B, and soft tissue pogonion |
| Z-angle | Angle between FH plane and line tangent to soft tissue pogonion and vermillion border of the most prominent lips |
Interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) according to gender, age, and skeletal patterns (mm)_
| Means (standard deviations) and P values | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=104) | Male (n=47) | Female (n=57) | P value | Child (n=40) | Adolescent (n=35) | Adult (n=29) | P value | Hyper (n=25) | Normo (n=32) | Hypo (n=47) | P value | Class III (n=19) | Class I (n=48) | Class II (n=37) | P value | |
| ILG | 3.56 (1.74) | 3.84 (1.89) | 3.34 (1.58) | 0.152 | 3.52a,b (1.54) | 4.08b (2.02) | 3.01a (1.47) | 0.045* (.058) | 3.55 (2.13) | 3.65 (1.41) | 3.52 (1.75) | .946 (.517) | 3.29 (1.67) | 3.47 (1.71) | 3.83 (1.82) | .473 (.374) |
| FWS | 1.87 (1.24) | 2.25 (1.46) | 1.56 (0.92) | 0.006** | 1.89 (1.14) | 2.06 (1.40) | 1.62 (1.15) | 0.371 (0.323) | 1.61 (0.84) | 1.88 (1.16) | 2.01 (1.45) | 0.433 (0.768) | 2.63b (1.73) | 1.78a (1.21) | 1.61a (0.76) | 0.010* (0.080) |
Cephalometric measurements at maximum intercuspal position (MIP) according to the amount of interlabial gap (ILG) and freeway space (FWS) at rest position (RP)_
| Means (SD, mm) and P values | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=104) | ILG<3 (n=40) | 3≤ILG≤4 (n=31) | ILG>4 (n=33) | P value | FWS<1.2 (n=36) | 1.2≤FWS≤2 (n=31) | FWS>2 (n=37) | P value | |
| Skeletal variables | |||||||||
| Sum | 395.74 (6.14) | 395.73 (6.12) | 394.45 (5.75) | 396.95 (6.43) | 0.268 | 397.11 (6.64) | 395.23 (5.17) | 394.82 (6.29) | 0.245 |
| MPA | 27.39 (5.37) | 27.58 (5.05) | 25.86 (4.39) | 28.59 (6.32) | 0.122 | 28.54 (6.24) | 26.83 (4.41) | 26.74 (5.15) | 0.287 |
| PPA | 1.08 (3.22) | 1.48 (2.88) | 0.95 (2.51) | 0.70 (4.13) | 0.570 (0.578) | 1.27 (3.64) | 1.17 (3.00) | 0.81 (3.04) | 0.815 |
| AFH | 129.09 (10.62) | 130.02 a,b (11.75) | 125.12a (8.81) | 131.67 b (9.93) | 0.035* (0.057) | 130.35 (11.54) | 129.85 (10.70) | 127.21 (9.58) | 0.405 |
| PFH | 84.09 (9.56) | 84.61 (9.86) | 82.44 (9.88) | 85.02 (8.95) | 0.514 | 83.64 (8.09) | 85.52 (10.56) | 83.33 (10.11) | 0.609 (0.771) |
| FHR (PFH/AFH) | 65.12 (4.74) | 65.09 (4.90) | 65.75 (4.67) | 64.57 (4.67) | 0.615 | 64.31 (4.86) | 65.74 (4.40) | 65.40 (4.91) | 0.428 (0.599) |
| ANB | 3.02 (2.77) | 2.32 (3.03) | 2.98 (2.25) | 3.91 (2.73) | 0.051 | 3.28 (2.55) | 3.45 (2.36) | 2.41 (3.23) | 0.239 |
| AO-BO | −2.75 (4.07) | −3.50 (5.05) | −3.02 (3.07) | −1.59 (3.36) | 0.122 (0.064) | −2.77 (3.42) | −1.86 (3.83) | −3.48 (4.76) | 0.263 (0.471) |
| Dental variables | |||||||||
| OJ | 3.57 (3.06) | 2.59 (3.35) | 3.81 (2.70) | 4.53 (2.71) | 0.021$ (0.014$) | 3.57 (2.74) | 4.22 (2.48) | 3.02 (3.69) | 0.276 (0.380) |
| OB | 2.11 (1.98) | 1.59 (2.03) | 2.57 (2.00) | 2.30 (1.79) | 0.093 | 1.90 (1.92) | 2.19 (1.78) | 2.24 (2.21) | 0.738 |
| U1 to FH | 114.57 (7.85) | 114.81 (6.35) | 112.65 (9.90) | 116.09 (7.16) | 0.211 | 114.93a,b (6.59) | 117.30b (7.93) | 111.95a (8.26) | 0.017* (0.051) |
| IMPA | 94.46 (7.95) | 93.13 (8.97) | 93.41 (7.97) | 97.05 (5.98) | 0.074 (0.040) | 95.26 (7.83) | 96.02 (7.89) | 92.38 (7.90) | 0.129 |
| IIA | 123.58 (11.05) | 124.48a,b (8.99) | 128.07b (12.63) | 118.27a (9.76) | 0.001** | 121.28a (9.86) | 119.86a (9.57) | 128.93b (11.48) | 0.001** |
| OPA | 12.30 (4.31) | 11.66 (3.66) | 12.53 (4.33) | 12.87 (4.99) | 0.466 | 12.74 (3.84) | 11.48 (4.89) | 12.57 (4.24) | 0.447 |
| UADH | 30.94 (3.28) | 30.71a,b (3.46) | 29.78a (2.94) | 32.29b (2.95) | 0.007** | 31.44 (3.39) | 31.02 (3.47) | 30.37 (3.00) | 0.378 |
| UPDH | 24.15 (3.86) | 24.69 (4.09) | 22.73 (3.59) | 24.83 (3.56) | 0.048$ (0.056) | 24.53 (3.87) | 24.64 (4.11) | 23.37 (3.60) | 0.309 |
| LADH | 44.16 (4.53) | 43.87a,b (4.60) | 42.70a (3.72) | 45.90b (4.69) | 0.015* | 44.38 (4.67) | 44.84 (4.53) | 43.39 (4.40) | 0.398 |
| LPDH | 34.82 (3.98) | 34.52 (4.23) | 34.11 (3.54) | 35.87 (3.94) | 0.172 (0.167) | 34.74 (3.46) | 35.52 (4.60) | 34.33 (3.90) | 0.469 (0.450) |
| Soft tissue variables | |||||||||
| NLA | 95.33 (10.98) | 93.73 (11.61) | 94.29 (11.01) | 98.26 (9.87) | 0.177 | 97.72 (9.12) | 94.66 (12.65) | 93.58 (11.04) | 0.254 |
| UL-EL | 1.30 (3.20) | −0.08a (3.14) | 1.63a,b (2.58) | 2.65b (3.21) | 0.001** (<0.001***) | 1.41 (3.51) | 1.38 (2.74) | 1.12 (3.32) | 0.913 (0.951) |
| LL-EL | 2.71 (3.15) | 2.13a (3.13) | 2.06a (2.53) | 4.02b (3.37) | 0.013* (0.010*) | 3.22 (3.37) | 2.74 (2.71) | 2.19 (3.26) | 0.381 (0.496) |
| ULL | 28.03 (3.32) | 27.99a,b (3.39) | 26.65a (3.05) | 29.37b (3.02) | −.004** | 28.70 (3.26) | 28.10 (3.55) | 27.32 (3.11) | 0.208 |
| LLL | 48.56 (5.26) | 48.84 (5.76) | 46.95 (4.74) | 49.74 (4.84) | 0.096 | 48.29 (5.33) | 48.48 (4.80) | 48.89 (5.67) | 0.884 |
| LLR (LLL/ULL) | 2.03 (0.23) | 2.02 (0.26) | 2.03 (0.21) | 2.04 (0.21) | 0.958 (0.797) | 1.97 (0.22) | 2.03 (0.21) | 2.08 (0.24) | 0.107 (0.120) |
| MLA | 148.53 (12.30) | 149.88 (11.90) | 144.95 (12.17) | 150.26 (12.57) | 0.153 | 147.71 (11.63) | 149.55 (12.25) | 148.47 (13.22) | 0.832 |
| MLSD | 3.71 (1.45) | 3.57 (1.40) | 4.11 (1.65) | 3.50 (1.28) | 0.182 | 3.75 (1.35) | 3.57 (1.39) | 3.78 (1.62) | 0.814 |
| ULT | 14.27 (2.58) | 14.11 (2.13) | 14.89 (2.89) | 13.90 (2.75) | 0.272 | 13.44a (2.32) | 13.72b (1.98) | 15.55c (2.81) | 0.001** |
| LLT | 15.90 (2.17) | 15.70 (2.17) | 16.03 (2.06) | 16.02 (2.33) | 0.766 | 15.59 (2.06) | 15.58 (1.89) | 16.47 (2.43) | 0.141 |
| STCT | 14.14 (5.03) | 13.57 (2.12) | 15.41 (8.24) | 13.64 (3.16) | 0.248 (0.624) | 13.28 (2.00) | 14.95 (8.21) | 14.30 (3.30) | 0.391 (0.509) |
| Z-angle | 73.87 (5.64) | 74.27 (5.83) | 75.01 (5.24) | 72.29 (5.60) | 0.132(0.110) | 73.11 (5.00) | 73.51 (5.87) | 74.90 (6.02) | 0.367 |