Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Temperature set-point for heating
| Room | Temperature (operating time) | |
|---|---|---|
| Garage | 8°C (0:00-24:00) | |
| Vestibule and Utility room | 16°C (0:00-24:00) | |
| Bathrooms | 24°C (6:00-24:00) | 18°C (24:00-6:00) |
| Living-room with kitchen, Hall, Study, Bedroom, Child’s rooms | 21°C (6:00-24:00) | 18°C (24:00-6:00) |
Effective leakage area assumed to simulations
| Thermal zone | Length of the window leakages, m | Number of air inlets | Number of ventilation ducts | Flow coefficient for window, m3/(hPa0.67) | Effective leakage area, cm2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living room with kitchen | 43.8 | 5 | 1 | 13.1 | 111 |
| Bathroom on ground floor | - | - | 1 | - | 29 |
| Utility room | 10.7 | 1 | 1 | 3.2 | 47 |
| Garage | 9.2 | 0 | 1 | 9.2 | 54 |
| Study | 6.6 | 1 | 0 | 2.0 | 15 |
| Bedroom | 13.2 | 2 | 0 | 4.0 | 29 |
| Child’s rooms | 22.4 | 4 | 0 | 6.7 | 55 |
| Bathrooms on 1st floor | 4.6 | 1 | 3 | 1.4 | 100 |
| Hall | 4.6 | 1 | 0 | 1.4 | 13 |
Percentage share of discomfort hours compared to all occupied hours in rooms
| Building case | Criterion | Max air change rate in the rooms due to windows opening, h-1 | Hdis, % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| annual | summer | |||||
| max | avg | max | avg | |||
| Brick standard insulated building | KQ | 47.7 | 26.9 | 98.0 | 74.8 | |
| KU | 3.5 | 13.7 | 4.2 | 40.6 | 12.6 | |
| KH | 9.8 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 0.9 | |
| Wood standard insulated building | KQ | 47.7 | 30.1 | 91.7 | 76.7 | |
| KU | 3.5 | 21.3 | 7.7 | 51.0 | 19.8 | |
| KH | 8.5 | 5.2 | 2.6 | 13.2 | 4.9 | |
| Brick passive insulated building | KQ | 54.8 | 42.8 | 100 | 100 | |
| KU | 7.8 | 17.7 | 8.6 | 43.6 | 24.7 | |
| KH | 9.8 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 12.0 | 4.9 | |
| Wood passive insulated building | KQ | 56.0 | 43.2 | 100 | 100 | |
| KU | 4.4 | 30.8 | 17.1 | 62.8 | 45.6 | |
| KH | 8.4 | 14.6 | 5.8 | 33.9 | 13.7 | |
Maximum, average and minimum indoor temperature for KU solution (summer period)
| Building case | Temperature, ° C | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Child ’ s rooms | Living-room | Bedroom | ||
| Brick standard insulated building | max | 32.5 | 30.8 | 32.2 | 31.5 |
| min | 21.8 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 22.2 | |
| avg | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.1 | 26.6 | |
| Wood standard insulated building | max | 33.7 | 32.6 | 33.5 | 33.4 |
| min | 19.4 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 21.0 | |
| avg | 26.6 | 26.7 | 26.1 | 26.6 | |
| Brick passive insulated building | max | 33.0 | 31.4 | 34.4 | 32.3 |
| min | 21.6 | 22.9 | 21.3 | 21.4 | |
| avg | 26.7 | 27.1 | 27.1 | 26.7 | |
| Wood passive insulated building | max | 34.5 | 33.9 | 36.6 | 34.7 |
| min | 20.3 | 21.1 | 20.7 | 20.5 | |
| avg | 27.3 | 27.7 | 28.0 | 27.3 | |
Objective function results for optimal solutions
| Building case | Criterion | Qheat, kWh | Hdis, h |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brick standard insulated building | KQ | 5469 | 3397 |
| KU | 5584 | 533 | |
| KH | 5873 | 91 | |
| Wood standard insulated building | KQ | 5726 | 3801 |
| KU | 5839 | 976 | |
| KH | 6074 | 344 | |
| Brick passive insulated building | KQ | 2924 | 5411 |
| KU | 3151 | 1085 | |
| KH | 3491 | 247 | |
| Wood passive insulated building | KQ | 3210 | 5445 |
| KU | 3381 | 2164 | |
| KH | 3714 | 741 |