Figure 1.
Residential buildings energy consumptions [7]
Figure 2.
BIM dimensions [30]
Figure 3.
Structure of the study. Source: Authors
Figure 4.
Evaluation of energy analysis flow diagram. Source: Authors
Figure 5.
Sapphire Residence Tower and location of the building. Photo: D. Aydin
Figure 6.
Floor garden section detail and interior view. Photo: Tabanlıoğlu Architect
Figure 7.
Sapphire Residence Tower plans and section. Photo: Tabanlıoğlu Architect
Table 1.
General features of Sapphire Residence Tower. Source: Authors
| Climate Data | Location | 4.Levent, Istanbul – TURKEY | |||
| Coordinate | 41°5’6.28” North | 29°0’21.96” East | |||
| Altitude | 124 m | ||||
| Heating Degree-Days Zone | 2nd HDD (internationally 2700 HDDs) | ||||
| Architectural Space Data | Total Building Floor Area | 59.744 m2 | |||
| Total Building Volume | 250.580 m3 | ||||
| Area-Volume Ratio (A / V) | 0,24 | ||||
| Heat-Loss Surface Area by Direction | North & South | 7.260 m2 | East & West | 11.880 m2 | |
| Total Facade Area | 38.280 m2 | ||||
| Facade Transparency Ratio | %71 | ||||
| Mechanical System Data | Heating System | Floor Heating, Floor Type Fan Coil | |||
| Fuel of Heating System | Natural Gas | ||||
| Cooling System | Fan Coil and Natural Ventilation | ||||
| Fuel of Cooling System | Electricity | ||||
| Conditioned Area | 52.791 m2 | ||||
| Unconditioned Area | 6.953 m2 | ||||
Table 2.
Transparency ratio of the building envelope. Source: Authors
| Facade | Surface Area | Transparency Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transparent | Opaque | ||
| North – South | 3.350 m2 | 3.910 m2 | %46 |
| East – West | 10.295 m2 | 1.585 m2 | %87 |
| TOTAL | 27.290 m2 | 10.990 m2 | %71 |
Table 3.
Thermophysical properties of the envelope. Source: Dekoral; Façade Construction Company
| Façade | Properties | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Façade Component | Thickness | TOTAL U-Value | |
| Opaque Curtain-wall | Gypsum Plaster | 20 mm | 0.20 W/m2;K |
| Reinforced Shear Wall | 800 mm | ||
| Rock Wool Insulation | 80 mm | ||
| Air Gap | 100 mm | ||
| Enamel Painted Glass (6mm+1.5mm+10 mm) | 175 mm | ||
| Glass Curtain-wall | Glass (with 0.691 SHGC) | – | 1.10 W/m2;K |
| Metal Facade System Profile | – | 2.00 W/m2;K | |
Figure 8.
Floor plan zoning of Sapphire Residence Tower. Source: Authors
Figure 9.
Solid model of the building with shopping mall and the other surrounding high-rise buildings Source: Authors
Figure 10.
Monthly heating and cooling energy consumption change in Sapphire Residence Tower. Source: Authors
Figure 11.
Energy consumption by fuel type and the amount of CO2 emission based on energy consumption in Sapphire Residence Tower. Source: Authors
Figure 12.
Comparison of heating energy consumption of Sapphire Residence Tower. Source: Authors
Table 4.
Energy consumption comparison of the different high-rise residential buildings [34–38]
| Country | TURKEY | CHINA | SOUTH KOREA | CANADA | |
| Location | Istanbul | Shanghai | Seoul | British Colombia | |
| Year | 2006-2010 | 1995 | 2000 | 2008-2010 | 1974-2002 |
| Façade Design | Double-Layered Skin With Air Corridor | Single-Skin | Single-Skin | Single-Skin | Single-Skin |
| Heating Energy Load (kWh/m2) | 65.8 | 101.7 | 105.6 | 123.2 | 111.0 |
| Total Energy Load (kWh/m2) | 226.4 | 182.2 | 179.2 | 212.1 | 213.0 |