Figure 1.
![Residential buildings energy consumptions [7]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706fc283f1392090d697db/j_acee-2020-001_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFCW76C7N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T025939Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFSPnNbPKusZ7dTn9Va69LRR85%2FBx3afY6qmSWeIho1iAiAH2pNKmAFsPyVN5AMlP%2Fq21yqZxm6siQwqs4C06qfNmCq9BQgyEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMUuBdyatHquOLPm73KpoFtsKZqoFoC3jb2Uz8e19DQWrq8YhWNKnixYar%2BUHw0e0LrUQ83JPX7zNxV6M%2FHScEe5iBF9meT8kwk%2BnyWYrYe2PfmXfT%2BtAdyTNwuot4vSqTitRfosbtOCcUTG%2FKq20YscGHctOxV6v0QpuilxnQwngmnrAe2Pr%2F%2FwYC61OtmMT4RtvNawV8VpzIHHujns29x4%2B3s120o8aLekdPdfOTPK%2Bqo8OHtW8Fc%2B5WZFuryUmj6ZWBBh10MBpfnVsXVw9EfhkVydaD72bNkFFU0II%2BC5luPCducmAUsSo%2BtN8EV3Nhxl47VPG1a4Hb3wf%2FMN0Ce7u7EWH2C2y2QN3olHqkJ8blYC%2FA5zFd7EiDkM8BAv8R1mLGX2Sgz9DZOBaw2FmQ3KDdWPX%2B4WR7yHg98Z0mnQP9%2BQeGnBnPjyBsM6BKGnxb37PHKhXJDyvpB2%2FmkSknoaamXVK4aksaegA5CvRtuC5dEdN0gncfq3yl0OTZbqlYx9KW0bX5DxB2RO7cOY1ldSeDClvHeImWPmmSfaPQvIBlM0iLon0pUvg0TjuqhwDXyBHO1enRs9i8qreJIx2x72Pp1lzwDMs%2Bns7%2FfYBpDE%2BjbcApC5f9YixK5zr8xJB%2B%2F9xImMbGxf0mtLnXPJBmVtxfpgETtT1lE1KVYOdeyxvqWwx04T6G%2BqRoTa1BqPHJ1OIPrOWx03RLrKbmRSORDWIxdwbxJic5KKRwh4UMV26lsKGtCgaMG05bQXoTqk%2BQMvCH7Ewlz45N%2FFnx85m6420y2GOtOHMTvQ6ZJD3ZTTcWDKO%2FyaPs3pwX9GKQbfYiV7U8CGQfu8s4BXFZeVSMQI7GPKu3VAGctZ5sUc1R0QMuKKQ0Zf6VuXu2twbZtqo4u9bQE%2B%2BLRQ3uMOv82ssGOrIBGsanr6VzQi27xnbERPwySBDaz8bNIsUiD78s5j4dam6X4wRwumImnFXf7vndUb%2FkzdzR4epat6UV9RuxfZrn6H%2BC0HATC%2FWvvyY32WNmT0J3BjgywvNSAOPyRGT3J1bQKSyL9ExKAjR%2FBaD2w9QyaxvC5wUmN2667Q1Bo8gZpJ5jBo3Hkl9%2Bhk6xT1pZQ3rditwtlN0sksQOl615%2F0i9XQdhEy8EJ7shripuMgUNh1s9yw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a3506be5f2dc6c60796c140a6036bd36962f95f377c486ce0cbc8f387d547436&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
![BIM dimensions [30]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706fc283f1392090d697db/j_acee-2020-001_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKFCW76C7N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T025939Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEGkaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFSPnNbPKusZ7dTn9Va69LRR85%2FBx3afY6qmSWeIho1iAiAH2pNKmAFsPyVN5AMlP%2Fq21yqZxm6siQwqs4C06qfNmCq9BQgyEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMUuBdyatHquOLPm73KpoFtsKZqoFoC3jb2Uz8e19DQWrq8YhWNKnixYar%2BUHw0e0LrUQ83JPX7zNxV6M%2FHScEe5iBF9meT8kwk%2BnyWYrYe2PfmXfT%2BtAdyTNwuot4vSqTitRfosbtOCcUTG%2FKq20YscGHctOxV6v0QpuilxnQwngmnrAe2Pr%2F%2FwYC61OtmMT4RtvNawV8VpzIHHujns29x4%2B3s120o8aLekdPdfOTPK%2Bqo8OHtW8Fc%2B5WZFuryUmj6ZWBBh10MBpfnVsXVw9EfhkVydaD72bNkFFU0II%2BC5luPCducmAUsSo%2BtN8EV3Nhxl47VPG1a4Hb3wf%2FMN0Ce7u7EWH2C2y2QN3olHqkJ8blYC%2FA5zFd7EiDkM8BAv8R1mLGX2Sgz9DZOBaw2FmQ3KDdWPX%2B4WR7yHg98Z0mnQP9%2BQeGnBnPjyBsM6BKGnxb37PHKhXJDyvpB2%2FmkSknoaamXVK4aksaegA5CvRtuC5dEdN0gncfq3yl0OTZbqlYx9KW0bX5DxB2RO7cOY1ldSeDClvHeImWPmmSfaPQvIBlM0iLon0pUvg0TjuqhwDXyBHO1enRs9i8qreJIx2x72Pp1lzwDMs%2Bns7%2FfYBpDE%2BjbcApC5f9YixK5zr8xJB%2B%2F9xImMbGxf0mtLnXPJBmVtxfpgETtT1lE1KVYOdeyxvqWwx04T6G%2BqRoTa1BqPHJ1OIPrOWx03RLrKbmRSORDWIxdwbxJic5KKRwh4UMV26lsKGtCgaMG05bQXoTqk%2BQMvCH7Ewlz45N%2FFnx85m6420y2GOtOHMTvQ6ZJD3ZTTcWDKO%2FyaPs3pwX9GKQbfYiV7U8CGQfu8s4BXFZeVSMQI7GPKu3VAGctZ5sUc1R0QMuKKQ0Zf6VuXu2twbZtqo4u9bQE%2B%2BLRQ3uMOv82ssGOrIBGsanr6VzQi27xnbERPwySBDaz8bNIsUiD78s5j4dam6X4wRwumImnFXf7vndUb%2FkzdzR4epat6UV9RuxfZrn6H%2BC0HATC%2FWvvyY32WNmT0J3BjgywvNSAOPyRGT3J1bQKSyL9ExKAjR%2FBaD2w9QyaxvC5wUmN2667Q1Bo8gZpJ5jBo3Hkl9%2Bhk6xT1pZQ3rditwtlN0sksQOl615%2F0i9XQdhEy8EJ7shripuMgUNh1s9yw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=94940c7128609936918795e62a6f41ff2f9ff04a8bfb54c5c78bc198f0f725b5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Energy consumption comparison of the different high-rise residential buildings [34–38]
| Country | TURKEY | CHINA | SOUTH KOREA | CANADA | |
| Location | Istanbul | Shanghai | Seoul | British Colombia | |
| Year | 2006-2010 | 1995 | 2000 | 2008-2010 | 1974-2002 |
| Façade Design | Double-Layered Skin With Air Corridor | Single-Skin | Single-Skin | Single-Skin | Single-Skin |
| Heating Energy Load (kWh/m2) | 65.8 | 101.7 | 105.6 | 123.2 | 111.0 |
| Total Energy Load (kWh/m2) | 226.4 | 182.2 | 179.2 | 212.1 | 213.0 |
Transparency ratio of the building envelope_ Source: Authors
| Facade | Surface Area | Transparency Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transparent | Opaque | ||
| North – South | 3.350 m2 | 3.910 m2 | %46 |
| East – West | 10.295 m2 | 1.585 m2 | %87 |
| TOTAL | 27.290 m2 | 10.990 m2 | %71 |
Thermophysical properties of the envelope_ Source: Dekoral; Façade Construction Company
| Façade | Properties | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Façade Component | Thickness | TOTAL U-Value | |
| Opaque Curtain-wall | Gypsum Plaster | 20 mm | 0.20 W/m2;K |
| Reinforced Shear Wall | 800 mm | ||
| Rock Wool Insulation | 80 mm | ||
| Air Gap | 100 mm | ||
| Enamel Painted Glass (6mm+1.5mm+10 mm) | 175 mm | ||
| Glass Curtain-wall | Glass (with 0.691 SHGC) | – | 1.10 W/m2;K |
| Metal Facade System Profile | – | 2.00 W/m2;K | |
General features of Sapphire Residence Tower_ Source: Authors
| Climate Data | Location | 4.Levent, Istanbul – TURKEY | |||
| Coordinate | 41°5’6.28” North | 29°0’21.96” East | |||
| Altitude | 124 m | ||||
| Heating Degree-Days Zone | 2nd HDD (internationally 2700 HDDs) | ||||
| Architectural Space Data | Total Building Floor Area | 59.744 m2 | |||
| Total Building Volume | 250.580 m3 | ||||
| Area-Volume Ratio (A / V) | 0,24 | ||||
| Heat-Loss Surface Area by Direction | North & South | 7.260 m2 | East & West | 11.880 m2 | |
| Total Facade Area | 38.280 m2 | ||||
| Facade Transparency Ratio | %71 | ||||
| Mechanical System Data | Heating System | Floor Heating, Floor Type Fan Coil | |||
| Fuel of Heating System | Natural Gas | ||||
| Cooling System | Fan Coil and Natural Ventilation | ||||
| Fuel of Cooling System | Electricity | ||||
| Conditioned Area | 52.791 m2 | ||||
| Unconditioned Area | 6.953 m2 | ||||