Figure 1.
![Directions of municipal waste management in Poland [4–6]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706f7083f1392090d6979d/j_acee-2019-042_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T210240Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=02cec29cba64bada07b9875bc6ff99ae401b2c08192ed17562cc783ff1dda2d7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
![Flowchart of the plant for gasification of waste [22]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64706f7083f1392090d6979d/j_acee-2019-042_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251206%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251206T210240Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=f9d05ff89425858c68077411066acd615475bbbc290e68e29e8da7101f891d36&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4.
Technical parameters of the plant for gasification of waste [22]
| The type of deposit | Circulating fluidized bed |
| Process temperature, °C | 1200 |
| Working pressure, MPa | 1.0–1.5 |
| Reactor operating pressure, MPa | 2.0 |
| Gasification agent | steam/ O2/ CO2 |
Standards for the physicochemical analysis
| Title | Unit | Symbol | Standard |
| Determination of moisture content | % | MT | PN-Z-15008-02:1993 |
| Determining combustion heat and calculating the calorific value | MJ/kg | GCV, NCV | PN-Z-15008-04:1993 |
| Determination of ash content | % | A | PN-EN 15403:2011 |
| Determination of fly ash by weighting | % | V | PN-EN 15402:2011 |
| Determination of carbon and hydrogen | % | C, H | PN-Z-15008-05:1993 |
| Determination of nitrogen with the Kjeldahl method | % | N | PN-G-04523:1992 |
| Determination of sulfur with the Eschka method | % | S | PN-ISO 334:1997 |
| Determination of chloride using the Eschka mixture | % | Cl | PN-ISO 587:2000 |
The composition of synthesis gas from the process for WP
| Components | Symbol | Unit | The composition of synthesis gas for WP |
| Hydrogen | H2 | vol % | 51.64 |
| Carbon monoxide | CO | 46.10 | |
| Nitrogen | N2 | 0.44 | |
| Steam | H2O | 0.78 | |
| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 0.27 | |
| Argon | Ar | 0.67 | |
| Sulfur dioxide | SO2 | 0.00 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide | H2S | ppm | 429 |
| Ammonia | NH3 | ppm | 20 |
| Hydrogen chloride | HCl | ppm | 349 |
| Gross calorific value | GCV | MJ/kg | 19.03 |
| Net calorific value | NCV | MJ/kg | 17.44 |
The composition of synthesis gas from the process for MW
| Components | Symbol | Unit | The composition of synthesis gas for WP |
| Hydrogen | H2 | vol % | 43.98 |
| Carbon monoxide | CO | 46.74 | |
| Nitrogen | N2 | 0.59 | |
| Steam | H2O | 5.81 | |
| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 2.43 | |
| Sulfur dioxide | SO2 | 0.00 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide | H2S | ppm | 2500 |
| Ammonia | NH3 | ppm | 23 |
| Hydrogen chloride | HCl | ppm | 988 |
| Gross calorific value | GCV | MJ/kg | 15.85 |
| Net calorific value | NCV | MJ/kg | 14.49 |
Technical analysis of tested raw materials for the gasification process
| Parameter | Symbol | Unit | WP | MW |
| Total moisture content | MT | % | 0.03 | 22.47 |
| Combustible substances, Air Dried | Xd | % | 99.10 | 92.44 |
| Combustible substances, As Received | Xar | % | 99.07 | 71.67 |
| Ash, Air Dried | Ad | % | 0.86 | 7.56 |
| Ash, As Received | Aar | % | 0.86 | 5.86 |
| Volatile matter, Air Dried | Vd | % | 99.13 | 79.06 |
| Gross calorific value, Air Dried | GCVd | MJ/kg | 47.52 | 23.66 |
| Gross calorific value, As Received | GCVar | 47.50 | 18.29 | |
| Net calorific value, Air Dried | NCVd | MJ/kg | 44.38 | 22.62 |
| Net calorific value, As Received | NCVar | 44.36 | 16.97 |
Elemental composition of selected waste
| Parameter | Symbol | Unit | WP | MW | ||
| As | Air | As | Air | |||
| Carbon | C | % | 85.28 | 85.31 | 34.63 | 43.29 |
| Hydrogen | H | % | 13.95 | 13.96 | 3.42 | 4.27 |
| Sulphur | S | % | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.47 | 0.59 |
| Nitrogen | N | % | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.88 | 1.10 |
| Chlorine | Cl | % | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 0.51 |
| Oxygen | O | % | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.86 | 39.64 |