Creating Counterspaces in Canadian Engineering Education: Moving to the Center
References
- Ahmed, S. (2021). Complaint! Duke University Press. 10.1215/9781478022336
- Belle, D., Smith-Doerr, L., & O’Brien, L. M. (2014). Gendered networks: Professional connections of science and engineering faculty. Advances in Gender Research, 19, 153–175. 10.1108/S1529-212620140000019007
- Bird, S., Litt, J., & Wang, Y. (2004). Creating status of women reports: Institutional housekeeping as “women’s work”. NWSA Journal, 16(1), 194–206.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4317042 - Bix, A. S. (2014). Girls coming to tech!: A history of American engineering education for women. MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/9101.001.0001
- Blair-Loy, M., & Cech, E. A. (2022). Misconceiving merit: Paradoxes of excellence and devotion in academic science and engineering. University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226820149.001.0001
- Burgess, D. J., Joseph, A., van Ryn, M., & Carnes, M. (2012). Does stereo-type threat affect women in academic medicine? Academic Medicine, 87(4), 506–512. 10.1097/ACM.0b013e318248f718
- Burke, L. E. C. A., Chong, A., Evans, G. J., & Romkey, L. (2020). Cultivating disciplinary expectations for engineering education research in Canada. Can. J. Sci. Math. Techn. Educ., 20(1), 87–97. 10.1007/s42330-020-00078-7
- Canadian Committee on Women in Engineering. (1992). More than just numbers: Report of the Canadian Committee on Women in Engineering, April 1992.
https://www3.carleton.ca/cwse-on/webmtjnen/repomtjn.html - Carll, E., Rajouria, A., Wilson, D., Cunningham, S., Riskin, E., & Litzler, E. (2024). Engineering counterspaces to address inequities in preparation for undergraduate academics. Studies in Engineering Education, 5(2), 20–46. 10.21061/see.105
- Cech, E., & Sherick, H. (2019). Depoliticization as a mechanism of gender inequality among engineering faculty. 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, 32586. 10.18260/1-2--32586
- Chang, H., Ngunjiri, F., & Hernandez, K.-A. C. (2016). Collaborative autoethnography (1st ed.). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315432137
- Chesler, N. C., & Chesler, M. A. (2002). Gender-informed mentoring strategies for women engineering scholars: On establishing a caring community. Journal of Engineering Education, 91(1), 49–55. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2002.tb00672.x
- Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the postmodern turn. SAGE Publications, Inc. 10.4135/9781412985833
- Coso Strong, A., Smith-Orr, C., Bodnar, C., Lee, W., McCave, E., & Faber, C. (2021). Early career faculty transitions: Negotiating legitimacy and seeking support in engineering education. Studies in Engineering Education, 1(1), 97–118. 10.21061/see.52
- Cukier, W., Broughton, S., Perruzza, S., Noshiravani, R., & Weissling, L. (2024). More than just numbers revisited: Progress on women in engineering since 1992.
https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/diversity/reports/more-than-just-numbers/More_Than_Just_Numbers_Revisited.pdf - El-Alayli, A., Hansen-Brown, A. A., & Ceynar, M. (2018). Dancing backwards in high heels: Female professors experience more work demands and special favor requests, particularly from academically entitled students. Sex Roles, 79(3–4), 136–150. 10.1007/s11199-017-0872-6
- Engineers Canada. (n.d., a). Environmental scan report, 30 by 30 and beyond: Strategic Priority 3: recruitment, retention and professional development of women in the engineering profession.
https://engineerscanada.ca/sites/default/files/diversity/SP3-Environmental-Scan.pdf - Engineers Canada. (n.d., b). 30 by 30 and beyond: Strategic Priority 3: recruitment, retention and professional development of women in the engineering profession.
https://engineerscanada.ca/sites/default/files/diversity/30-by-30-and-beyond.pdf - Engineers Canada. (2022). 2022 Canadian engineers for tomorrow.
https://engineerscanada.ca/reports/enrolment-and-degrees-awarded-report/2022-canadian-engineers-for-tomorrow - Engineers Canada. (2023). 2023 national membership information.
https://engineerscanada.ca/reports/national-membership-report/2023-national-membership-information - Ettorre, E. (2016). Autoethnography as feminist method: Sensitising the feminist ‘I’. Routledge. 10.4324/9781315626819
- Faber, C., Bodnar, C., Strong, A., Lee, W., McCave, E., & Smith, C. (2016). Narrating the experiences of first-year faculty in the engineering education research community: developing a qualitative, collaborative research methodology. 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, 25771. 10.18260/p.25771
- Faulkner, W. (2000). Dualisms, hierarchies and gender in engineering. Social Studies of Science, 30(5), 759–792. 10.1177/030631200030005005
- Faulkner, W. (2007). ‘Nuts and bolts and people’: Gender-Troubled engineering identities. Social Studies of Science, 37(3), 331–356. 10.1177/0306312706072175
- Faulkner, W. (2009). Doing gender in engineering workplace cultures. II. Gender in/authenticity and the in/visibility paradox. Engineering Studies, 1(3), 169–189. 10.1080/19378620903225059
- Fletcher, J. K. (1999). Disappearing acts: Gender, power, and relational practice at work. MIT Press. 10.7551/mitpress/2440.001.0001
- Folbre, N. (1995). “Holding hands at midnight”: The paradox of caring labor. Feminist Economics, 1(1), 73–92. 10.1080/714042215
- Gill, J., Sharp, R., Mills, J., & Franzway, S. (2008). I still wanna be an engineer! Women, education and the engineering profession. European Journal of Engineering Education, 33(4), 391–402. 10.1080/03043790802253459
- Graff, H. J. (2016). The “problem” of interdisciplinarity in theory, practice, and history. Social Science History, 40(4), 775–803.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017889 - Guarino, C. M., & Borden, V. M. H. (2017). Faculty service loads and gender: Are women taking care of the academic family? Research in Higher Education, 58(6), 672–694. 10.1007/s11162-017-9454-2
- Gunter, R., & Stambach, A. (2005). Differences in men and women scientists’ perceptions of workplace climate. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 11(1), 97–116. 10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.v11.i1.60
- Hacker, S. L. (1981). The culture of engineering: Woman, workplace and machine. Women’s Studies International Quarterly, 4(3), 341–353. 10.1016/S0148-0685(81)96559-3
- Hanson, C. (2020). What women students want their institutions to do to make engineering education more inclusive and less “chilly”. Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA). 10.24908/pceea.vi0.14170
- Haverkamp, A., Bothwell, M., Montfort, D., & Driskill, Q.-L. (2020). Calling for a paradigm shift in the study of gender in engineering education. Studies in Engineering Education, 1(2),
55 . 10.21061/see.34 - Hladik, S., Zacharias, K., & Seniuk Cicek, J. (2023). Experiences of Canadian engineering education research faculty members: A collaborative autoethnography. In Proceedings of the 2023 Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA-ACÉG) Conference.
https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/PCEEA/article/view/17017 . - Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520951853
- Jesiek, B. K., Newswander, L. K., & Borrego, M. (2009). Engineering education research: Discipline, community, or field? Journal of Engineering Education, 98(1), 39–52. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2009.tb01004.x
- Johnson, A., Ong, M., Ko, L. T., Smith, J., & Hodari, A. (2017). Common challenges faced by women of color in physics, and actions faculty can take to minimize those challenges. The Physics Teacher, 55(6), 356–360. 10.1119/1.4999731
- Judson, E., Ross, L., & Glassmeyer, K. (2019). How Research, teaching, and leadership roles are recommended to male and female engineering faculty differently. Res High Educ, 60, 1025–1047. 10.1007/s11162-018-09542-8
- Kachchaf, R., Ko, L., Hodari, A., & Ong, M. (2015). Career–life balance for women of color: Experiences in science and engineering academia. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 8(3), 175–191. 10.1037/a0039068
- Lester, J. (2008). Performing gender in the workplace: Gender socialization, power, and identity among women faculty members. Community College Review, 35(4), 277–305. 10.1177/0091552108314756
- Miner, K. N., January, S. C., Dray, K. K., & Carter-Sowell, A. R. (2019). Is it always this cold? Chilly interpersonal climates as a barrier to the well-being of early-career women faculty in STEM. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 38(2), 226–245. 10.1108/EDI-07-2018-0127
- Mitchell, S. M., & Hesli, V. L. (2013). Women don’t ask? Women don’t say no? Bargaining and service in the political science profession. Political Science & Politics, 46(2), 355–369. 10.1017/S1049096513000073
- Oldenziel, R. (1999). Making technology masculine: Men, women, and modern machines in America 1870–1945. Amsterdam University Press. 10.5117/9789053563816
- Ong, M., Smith, J. M., & Ko, L. T. (2018), Counterspaces for women of color in STEM higher education: Marginal and central spaces for persistence and success. J Res Sci Teach, 55, 206–245. 10.1002/tea.21417
- Pawley, A. L. (2009). Universalized narratives: Patterns in how faculty members define “engineering”. Journal of Engineering Education, 98(4), 309–319. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2009.tb01029.x
- Pawley, A. L., Schimpf, C., & Nelson, L. (2016). Gender in engineering education research: A content analysis of research in JEE, 1998–2012. Journal of Engineering Education, 105(3), 508–528. 10.1002/jee.20128
- Riley, D. (2017). Rigor/Us: Building boundaries and disciplining diversity with standards of merit. Engineering Studies, 9(3), 249–265. 10.1080/19378629.2017.1408631
- Riley, D., Slaton, A. E., & Pawley, A. L. (2014).
Social justice and inclusion: Women and minorities in engineering . In A. Johri & B. Olds (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research (pp. 335–356). Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139013451.022 - Rise Up! A Digital Archive of Feminist Activism. (n.d.). The Montreal Massacre. Rise Up Feminist Archive.
https://riseupfeministarchive.ca/activism/issues-actions/the-montreal-massacre/ - Secules, S. (2019). Making the familiar strange: An ethnographic scholarship of integration contextualizing engineering educational culture as masculine and competitive. Engineering Studies, 11(3), 196–216. 10.1080/19378629.2019.1663200
- Seniuk Cicek, J., Paul, J., Bezerra Rodrigues, R., Sheridan, P., & Paul, R. (2023). Journeying into engineering education research. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 28(1), 110–119. 10.1080/22054952.2023.2219576
- Seniuk Cicek, J., Paul, J. W., Rodrigues, R. B., Sheridan, P., Paul, R. M., & Pawley, A. L. (2025). Engineering education research in Canada: Out from the shadow of a giant. Studies in Engineering Education, 6(2), 45–73. 10.21061/see.104
- Seniuk Cicek, J., Paul, R., & Sheridan, P. (2024). Graduate student experiences of engineering education research in Canada. European Journal of Engineering Education, 49(5), 1035–1063. 10.1080/03043797.2024.2309166
- Seniuk Cicek, J., Paul, R., Sheridan, P. K., & Kuley, L. (2020). Researchers explore their roles as participant-researchers in characterizing the lived experiences of graduate students in engineering education research in Canada: A collaborative autoethnography. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 20, 98–115. 10.1007/s42330-019-00075-5
- Smith, C. A. S. (2014).
Assessing academic STEM women’s sense of isolation in the workplace . In P. J. Gilmer, B. Tansel, & M. H. Miller (Eds.), Alliances for advancing academic women, Bold Visions in Educational Research (pp. 97–117). Sense Publishers. 10.1007/978-94-6209-604-2_5 - Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1/2), 60–73.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696265 - Statistics Canada. (2025). Proportion of full-time teaching staff at Canadian universities, by gender and academic rank.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3710014403 - Stonyer, H. (2002). Making engineering students – making women: The discursive context of engineering education. International Journal of Engineering Education, 18(4): 392–399.
https://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol18-4/IJEE1291.pdf - Trautner, J. J., Chou, K. C., Yates, J. K., & Stalnaker, J. (1996). Women faculty in engineering: Changing the academic climate. Journal of Engineering Education, 85, 45–51. 10.1002/j.2168-9830.1996.tb00207.x
- Wajcman, J. (2007). From women and technology to gendered technoscience. Information, Communication & Society, 10(3), 287–298. 10.1080/13691180701409770
- Xu, Y. J. (2008). Gender disparity in STEM disciplines: A study of faculty attrition and turnover intentions. Research in Higher Education, 49(7), 607–624. 10.1007/s11162-008-9097-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/see.187 | Journal eISSN: 2690-5450
Language: English
Page range: 85 - 104
Submitted on: Sep 9, 2024
Accepted on: Jul 21, 2026
Published on: Aug 17, 2026
Published by: Virginia Tech Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2026 Stephanie Hladik, Kari Zacharias, Jillian Seniuk Cicek, published by Virginia Tech Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.