Does Attachment Mediate PTSD and Suicidality in a Sample of Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) Combat Veterans?
By: Jose Carbajal and Warren N. Ponder
References
- Armistead-Jehle, P., Johnston, S. L., Wade, N. G., & Ecklund, C. J. (2011). Posttraumatic stress in US Marines: The role of unit cohesion and combat exposure. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89, 81–88. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00063.x
- Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226
- Beliveau, P. J., Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., & Zamorski, M. A. (2019). Are personnel with a past history of mental disorders disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of deployment-related trauma? A cross-sectional study of Canadian military personnel. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2146-z
- Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22059
- Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., Urosevich, T. G., Hoffman, S. N., Kirchner, H. L., Boscarino, J. J., Withey, C. A., Dugan, R. J., & Figley, C. R. (2018). Mental health impact of homecoming experience among 1730 formerly deployed veterans from the Vietnam war to current conflicts: Results from the veterans’ health study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(10), 757. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000879
- Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998).
Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview . In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory in close relationships (pp. 46–76). The Guilford Press. - Dong, Y., & Peng, C. Y. J. (2013). Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus, 2(222). DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-222
- Dursa, E. K., Reinhard, M. J., Barth, S. K., & Schneiderman, A. I. (2014). Prevalence of a positive screen for PTSD among OEF/OIF and OEF/OIF-era veterans in a large population-based cohort. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27, 542–549. DOI: 10.1002/jts.21956
- Ferrajão, P. C., Badoud, D., & Oliveira, R. A. (2017). Mental strategies as mediators of the link between attachment and PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 731–740. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000251
- Gade, D. M., & Wenger, J. B. (2011). Combat exposure and mental health: The long-term effects among US Vietnam and gulf war veterans. Journal of Health Economics, 20, 401–416. DOI: 10.1002/hec.1594
- Gamarra, J. M., Luciano, M. T., Gradus, J. L., & Stirman, S. W. (2015). Assessing variability and implementation fidelity of suicide prevention safety planning in a Regional VA healthcare system, Crisis, 36(6), 433–439. DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000345
- Gilbertson, M. W., McFarlane, A. C., Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., Yehuda, R., Shalev, A. Y., Lasko, N. B., Goetz, J. M., & Pitman, R. K. (2010). Is trauma a causal agent of psychopathologic symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder? Findings from identical twins discordant for combat exposure. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 1324–1330. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.10m06121blu
- Grady, J., Banford-Witting, A., Kim, A., & Davis, S. (2018). Differences in unit cohesion and combat-related mental health problems based on attachment styles in US military veterans. Contemporary Family Therapy, 40, 249–258. DOI: 10.1007/s10591-017-9444-8
- Greene, T., Gelkopf, M., Fried, E. I., Robinaugh, D. J., & Pickman, L. L. (2020). Dynamic network analysis of negative emotions and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters during conflict. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33, 72–83. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22433
- Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education International.
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd Eds). Guilford Press.
- Hassija, C. M., Jakupcak, M., Maguen, S., & Shipherd, J. C. (2012). The influence of combat and interpersonal trauma on PTSD, depression, and alcohol misuse in US Gulf War and OEF/OIF women veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 216–219. DOI: 10.1002/jts.21686
- Hoge, C. W., & Castro, C. A. (2012). Preventing suicides in US service members and veterans: Concerns after a decade of war. Journal of the American Medical Association, 308(7), 671–672. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.9955
- Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13–22. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040603
- Jakupcak, M., Cook, J., Imel, Z., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & McFall, M. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 303–306. DOI: 10.1002/jts.20423
- Jakupcak, M., Hoerster, K. D., Varra, A., Vannoy, S., Felker, B., & Hunt, S. (2011). Hopelessness and suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans reporting subthreshold and threshold PTSD. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 272–275. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182124604
- Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Gahm, G. A., & Reger, M. A. (2015). Suicide risk among 1.3 million veterans who were on active duty during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Annals of Epidemiology, 25, 96–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.11.020
- Krauss, S. W., Russell, D. W., Kazman, J. B., Russell, C. A., Schuler, E. R., & Deuster, P. A. (2019). Longitudinal effects of deployment, recency of return, and hardiness on mental health symptoms in US Army combat medics. Traumatology, 25(3), 216–224. DOI: 10.1037/trm0000173
- Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. M. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
- Lazarov, A., Suarez-Jiminez, B., Levi, O., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Lubin, G., Pine, D. S., Bar-Haim, Y., Abend, R., & Neria, Y. (2019). Symptom structure of PTSD and co-morbid depressive symptoms- a network analysis of combat veteran patients. Psychological Medicine, 50, 2154–2170. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291719002034
- MacGregor, A. J., Han, P. P., Dougherty, A. L., & Galarneau, M. R. (2012). Effect of dwell time on the mental health of US military personnel with multiple combat tours. American Journal of Public Health, 102, A55–A59. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300341
- Marshall, E. M., & Frazier, P. A. (2019). Understanding posttrauma reactions within an attachment theory framework. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 167–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.08.001
- Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016).
Adult attachment and emotion regulation . In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment, theory, research, and clinical applications, (3rd ed., pp. 507–533), Guilford. - Monson, C. M., Fredman, S. J., & Dekel, R. (2010).
Posttraumatic stress disorder in an interpersonal context . In J. G. Beck (Ed.), Interpersonal processes in the anxiety disorders: Implications for understanding psychopathology and treatment (pp. 179–208). American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/12084-007 - National Center for PTSD. (2021, March 25). Using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/documents/using-PCL5.pdf . - Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The Suicidal behaviors questionnaire–revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8, 443–454. DOI: 10.1177/107319110100800409
- Pietrzak, R. H., Whealin, J. M., Stotzer, R. L., Goldstein, M. B., & Southwick, S. M. (2011). An examination of the relation between combat experiences and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of Connecticut OEF–OIF Veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1579–1584. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.07.010
- Ponder, W. N. (2021). A fireside chat: Attachment theory and the deployed dyadic dialogue, Journal of Veteran Studies, 7(1), 204-216. DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v7i1.236
- Ponder, W. N., & Aguirre, R. T. P. (2012). War-related trauma: The American GI’s resilience through marriage. Advances in Social Work, 13(1), 197–209. DOI: 10.18060/1882
- Ponder, W. N., & Carbajal, J. (2020). The dyadic dance during deployment: Veteran and partner romantic attachment. Journal of Human Services: Training, Research and Practice, 5(1), 143.
https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jhstrp/vol5/iss1/1 - Renaud, E. F. (2008). The Attachment characteristics of combat veterans with PTSD. Traumatology, 14(2), 1–12. DOI: 10.1177/1534765608319085
- Riggs, S. A., & Riggs, D. S. (2011). Risk and resilience in military families’ experiencing deployment: The role of the family attachment network. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 675–687. DOI: 10.1037/a0025286
- Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., Kristian, G., Chu, A., & Marmar, C. R. (2008). Getting beyond «Don›t Ask; Don›t Tell»: An evaluation of US Veterans Administration post deployment mental health screening of veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. American Journal of Public Health, 98(4), 714–720. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115519
- Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (The GAD-7). Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
- Taft, C. T., Walling, S. M., Howard, J. M., & Monson, C. (2011).
Trauma, PTSD, and partner violence in military families . In S. M. Wadsworth & D. Riggs (Eds.), Risk and resilience in US military families (pp. 195–212). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7064-0_10 - US Census. (2010). 2010 American community survey: A snapshot of our nation’s veterans.
http://www.census.gov/how/infographics/veterans.html . - US Department of Defense. (2010). Report on the impact of deployment of members of the Armed Forces on their dependent children.
http://www.militaryonesource.mil/12038/Project%20Documents/MilitaryHOMEFRONT/Service%20Providers/DoD%20Conferences/MFPP/MHF_page/Report_Impact_of_Deployment_Dependent_Children.pdf . - US Department of Defense. (2018). Department of Defense Annual Suicide Report.
https://www.dspo.mil/Portals/113/2018%20DoD%20Annual%20Suicide%20Report_FINAL_25%20SEP%2019_508c.pdf .
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v8i1.287 | Journal eISSN: 2470-4768
Language: English
Page range: 208 - 221
Submitted on: Jul 20, 2021
Accepted on: Apr 4, 2022
Published on: May 30, 2022
Published by: Virginia Tech Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2022 Jose Carbajal, Warren N. Ponder, published by Virginia Tech Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.