Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Walking Forwards with Moral Injury: Narratives from Ex-serving Australian Defence Force Members Cover

Walking Forwards with Moral Injury: Narratives from Ex-serving Australian Defence Force Members

Open Access
|May 2021

References

  1. Ames, D., Erickson, Z., Youssef, N. A., Arnold, I., Adamson, C. S., Sones, A. C., Yin Haynes, K., Volk, F., Teng, E. J., Oliver, J. P., & Koenig, H. G. (2019). Moral injury, religiosity, and suicide risk in US veterans and active-duty military with PTSD symptoms. Military Medicine, 184(3–4), e271e278. DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy148
  2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). National suicide monitoring of serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel: 2019 update. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/veterans/national-veteran-suicide-monitoring/contents/summary
  3. Baumeister, R. F., & Landau, M. J. (2018). Finding the meaning of meaning: Emerging insights on four grand questions. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 110. DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000145
  4. Beneda, J. (2012). Moral injury trauma through an institutional lens: A new vision for military ethics [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/31356857/Moral_injury_trauma_through_an_institutional_lens_a_new_vision_for_military_ethics
  5. Blevins, D., Roca, J. V., & Spencer, T. (2011). Lifeguard: Evaluation of an ACT-based workshop to facilitate reintegration of OIF/OEF veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 3239. DOI: 10.1037/a0022321
  6. Brace, I. (2018). Questionnaire design: How to plan, structure and write survey material for effective market research (4th Edition). Kogan Page Limited.
  7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A guide for beginners. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  8. Brock, R. N. (2020). Moral injury: Moral identity and meaning. Volunteers of America. https://www.voa.org/moral-injury-center/pdf_files/moral-injury-identity-and-meaning
  9. Brock, R. N., Keizer, H., & Lettini, G. (2012, July 23). Moral injury: The crucial missing piece in understanding soldier suicides. Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/moral-injury-the-crucial-missing-piece-in-understanding-soldier-suicides_b_1686674
  10. Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2016). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the moral injury events scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557570. DOI: 10.1177/1073191115590855
  11. Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Roberge, E., Leifker, F. R., & Rozek, D. C. (2018). Moral injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior among National Guard personnel. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 10(1), 3645. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000290
  12. Carey, L., Hodgson, T., & Cohen, J. (2016). Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 355361. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0163-x
  13. Corona, C. D., Van Orden, K. A., Wisco, B. E., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2019). Meaning in life moderates the association between morally injurious experiences and suicide ideation among US combat veterans: Results from the national health and resilience in veterans’ study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 614620. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000475
  14. Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., & Isaak, S. L. (2019). Moral injury and spiritual struggles in military veterans: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 393404. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22378
  15. Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Malott, J. (2015). Moral injury, meaning making and mental health in returning veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 229240. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22134
  16. Dean, W., Jacobs, B., & Manfredi, R. A. (2020). Moral injury: The invisible epidemic in COVID health care workers. Annals of Emergency Medicine, S0196-0644(20)30394-2. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.05.023
  17. Department of Defence. (2016). Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Inquiry into suicide by veterans and ex-service personnel: Written submission. Submission 124. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Foreign_Affairs_Defence_and_Trade/VeteranSuicide/Submissions
  18. Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17(1), 813. DOI: 10.1177/1534765610395615
  19. Drescher, K. D., Nieuwsma, J. A., & Swales, P. J. (2013). Morality and moral injury: Insights from theology and health science. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 110. ISSN 2325-2855.
  20. Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Nieuwsma, J. A., Walser, R. B., & Currier, J. M. (2014). The role of moral emotions in military trauma: Implications for the study and treatment of moral injury. Review of General Psychology, 18(4), 249262. DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000018
  21. Finlay, L. (2011). Phenomenology for therapist: Researching the lived world. John Wiley and Sons. DOI: 10.1002/9781119975144
  22. Ford, E. W. (2019). Stress, burnout, and moral injury: The state of the healthcare workforce. Journal Healthcare Management, 64(3), 125127. DOI: 10.1097/JHM-D-19-00058
  23. Griffin, B. J., Purcell, N., Burkman, K., Litz, B. T., Bryan, C. J., Schmitz, M., & Maguen, S. (2019). Moral Injury: An integrative review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32, 350362. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22362
  24. Haller, M., Norman, S. B., Davis, B. C., Capone, C., Browne, K., & Allard, C. B. (2020). A model for treating COVID-19-related guilt, shame, and moral injury. Psychological Trauma, Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(1), S174176. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000742
  25. Held, P., Klassen, B. J., Hall, J. M., Friese, T. R., Bertsch-Gout, M. M., Zalta, A. K., & Pollack, M. H. (2019). “I knew it was wrong the moment I got the order”: A narrative thematic analysis of moral injury in combat veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(4), 396405. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000364
  26. Haight, W., Sugrue, E., Calhoun, M., & Black, J. (2016). A scoping study of moral injury: Identifying directions for social work research. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 190200. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.026
  27. Higate, P. R. (2001). Theorising continuity: From military to civilian life. Armed Forces & Society, 27(3), 443460. DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0102700306
  28. Jamieson, N., Maple, M., Ratnarajah, D., & Usher, K. (2020). Military moral injury: A concept analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. DOI: 10.1111/inm.12792
  29. Jamieson, N., Usher, K., Maple, M., Ratnarajah, D. (2020). Invisible wounds and suicide: Moral injury and veteran mental health. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(2), 105109. DOI: 10.1111/inm.12704
  30. Jinkerson, J. D. (2016). Defining and assessing moral injury: A syndrome perspective. Traumatology: An International Journal, 22(2), 122130. DOI: 10.1037/trm0000069
  31. Jones, E. (2020). Editorial: Moral injury in the context of trauma. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216, 127128. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.46
  32. Jordan, A. H., Eisen, E., Bolton, E., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2017). Distinguishing war-related PTSD resulting from perpetration- and betrayal-based morally injurious events. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 627634. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000249
  33. Kelley, M. L., Bravo, A. J., Davies, R. L., Hamrick, H. C., Vinci, C., & Redman, J. C. (2019). Moral injury and suicidality among combat-wounded veterans: The moderating effects of social connectedness and self-compassion. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(6), 621629. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000447
  34. Koenig, H. (2018). Measuring symptoms of moral injury in veterans and active-duty military with PTSD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10(443). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00443
  35. Lancaster, S. L., Kintzle, S., & Castro, C. A. (2018). Validation of the Warrior Identity Scale in the Chicagoland veteran’s study. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 18(1) 3443. DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2017.1410157
  36. Leavy, P. (2014). Oxford handbook of qualitative research. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199811755.001.0001
  37. Lee, L. J. (2018). Moral injury reconciliation: A practitioner’s guide for treating moral injury, PTSD, grief and military sexual trauma through spiritual formation strategies. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  38. Liamputtong, P. (2009). Qualitative research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  39. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695706. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
  40. MacLeish, K. (2018). On “moral injury”: Psychic fringes and war violence. History of the Human Sciences, 31(2) 128146. DOI: 10.1177/0952695117750342
  41. McCarthy, M. M. (2016). An exploration of moral injury as experienced by combat veterans [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Antioch University. https://aura.antioch.edu/etds/317
  42. Meyer, E. C., Frankfurt, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morrisette, S. B. (2018). The influence of mindfulness, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and post-traumatic stress disorder on disability and quality of life over time in war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74, 12721280. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22596
  43. Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., & Hayes, T. N. (2008). In-depth Interviewing: Principles, techniques, analysis. Pearson Education.
  44. Molendijk, T., Kramer, E. H., & Verweij, D. (2018). Moral aspects of “moral injury”: Analysing conceptualisations on the role of morality in military trauma. Journal of Military Ethics, 17(1), 3653. DOI: 10.1080/15027570.2018.1483173
  45. Moon, Z. (2016). (Re)turning warriors: A practical theology of military moral stress [Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology]. ProQuest.
  46. Murray, E., & Gidwani, S. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder in emergency medicine residents: A role for moral injury? Annals Emergency Medicine, 72, 322323. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.03.040
  47. Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Moral injury: A mechanism for war-related psychological trauma in military family members. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(4), 365375. DOI: 10.1007/s10567-013-0146-y
  48. Parliament of Australia. (2019). Recognition of Australian Veterans. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2019/July/Recognition_of_Australian_Veterans
  49. Samson, D. A., Alessandra, S., & Monica, T. O. (2015). Psychological healing in reconciliation. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 2(4), 13. DOI: 10.4172/2469-9837.1000158
  50. Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. A. (2014). Reintegration challenges in US service members and veterans following combat deployment. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8, 3373. DOI: 10.1111/sipr.12001
  51. Shay, J. (2014). Moral injury. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31(2), 182191. DOI: 10.1037/a0036090
  52. Smith, R. T., & True, G. (2014). Warring identities: Identity conflict and the mental distress of American veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Society and Mental Health, 4, 147161. DOI: 10.1177/2156869313512212
  53. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349357. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
  54. Vargas, A. F. (2012). Themes of moral injury in trauma experiences of Vietnam combat veterans: A qualitative examination of the NVVRS [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pepperdine University. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/301/
  55. Walter, M. (2006). Social research methods: An Australian perspective. Oxford University Press.
  56. Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method: An introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203946268
  57. Williamson, V., Stevelink, S. A., & Greenberg, N. (2018). Occupational moral injury and mental health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(6), 339346. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.55
  58. Wortmann, J. H., Eisen, E., Hundert, C., Jordan, A. J., Smith, M. W., Nash, W. P., & Litz, B. T. (2017). Spiritual features of war-related, moral injury: A primer for clinicians. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(12), 249261. http://dbproxy.lasalle.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru e&db=pdh&AN=2017-56615-003&site=ehost-live&scope=site. DOI: 10.1037/scp0000140
Language: English
Page range: 174 - 185
Submitted on: Oct 5, 2020
Accepted on: Apr 5, 2021
Published on: May 27, 2021
Published by: Virginia Tech Publishing
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2021 Nikki Jamieson, Kim Usher, Dorothy Ratnarajah, Myfanwy Maple, published by Virginia Tech Publishing
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.