Table 1
Descriptive Statistics by Military Status and for the Overall Sample.
| CIVILIAN | SSM/V | ALL-SAMPLE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | mean | mean | SD | min | max | n | |
| GPA | 3.07 | 3.18 | 3.08 | 0.76 | 1 | 4 | 121580 |
| Mindset | 21.56 | 21.46 | 21.55 | 2.94 | 5 | 25 | 121777 |
| SSM/V status | 0 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0 | 1 | 126816 |
| Father college enroll | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 | 130613 |
| Mother college enroll | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 130614 |
| School enrollment in 1000s | 9.03 | 9.08 | 9.07 | 9.24 | 0.08 | 57.03 | 130617 |
| % Funded by military | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.27 | 130617 |
| Gender (man) | 0.42 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 127207 |
| Gender (woman) | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 127207 |
| Gender (other) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0 | 1 | 127207 |
| Gender (no response) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0 | 1 | 127207 |
| Age (18–19) | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (20–21) | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (22–24) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (25–29) | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (30–39) | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (40–49) | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (50–64) | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Age (65+) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0 | 1 | 127310 |
| Race/eth (Native American) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (Asian) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (Black) | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (Latino) | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (Native Hawaiian) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (Pacific Islander) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (White) | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (other) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (2 or more) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Race/eth (no response) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 | 127053 |
| Observations | 120230 | 6586 | |||||
Table 2
Regressions for Mindset and GPA.
| MINDSET | GPA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTIMATE | SE | BETA | ESTIMATE | SE | BETA | |
| SSM/V status | –0.27*** | (0.05) | –0.020 | 0.051*** | (0.01) | 0.015 |
| Mindset | 0.049*** | 0.188 | ||||
| Father college enroll | 0.036 | (0.03) | 0.006 | 0.092*** | (0.01) | 0.060 |
| Mother college enroll | 0.016 | (0.02) | 0.003 | 0.022** | (0.01) | 0.015 |
| School enrollment in 1000s | –0.0095** | (0.00) | –0.029 | 0.00066 | (0.00) | 0.008 |
| % funded by military | 0.11 | (0.53) | 0.002 | 0.13 | (0.18) | 0.008 |
| Eth/race (Native American) | 0.067 | (0.12) | 0.023 | –0.27*** | (0.04) | –0.351 |
| Eth/race (Asian) | –0.30*** | (0.08) | –0.104 | 0.051* | (0.02) | 0.067 |
| Eth/race (Black) | –0.011 | (0.05) | –0.004 | –0.34*** | (0.01) | –0.443 |
| Eth/race (Latino) | 0.23*** | (0.05) | 0.077 | –0.21*** | (0.01) | –0.277 |
| Eth/race (Native Hawaiian) | 0.35 | (0.34) | 0.119 | –0.27*** | (0.07) | –0.355 |
| Eth/race (Pacific Islander) | –0.27 | (0.19) | –0.092 | –0.25*** | (0.06) | –0.335 |
| Eth/race (other) | –0.63*** | (0.09) | –0.215 | –0.11*** | (0.02) | –0.145 |
| Eth/race (2 or more) | –0.14** | (0.05) | –0.049 | –0.13*** | (0.01) | –0.170 |
| Eth/race (prefer not to respond) | –1.02*** | (0.07) | –0.348 | –0.086*** | (0.02) | –0.113 |
| Gender (woman) | 0.39*** | (0.03) | 0.134 | 0.070*** | (0.01) | 0.092 |
| Gender (other) | –1.72*** | (0.21) | –0.586 | 0.049 | (0.05) | 0.065 |
| Gender (prefer not to respond) | –1.06*** | (0.11) | –0.360 | 0.065* | (0.03) | 0.086 |
| Age (20–21) | 0.18*** | (0.03) | 0.061 | –0.064*** | (0.01) | –0.084 |
| Age (22–24) | 0.47*** | (0.04) | 0.160 | –0.017 | (0.01) | –0.022 |
| Age (25–29) | 0.91*** | (0.04) | 0.310 | 0.11*** | (0.01) | 0.144 |
| Age (30–39) | 1.04*** | (0.05) | 0.356 | 0.22*** | (0.01) | 0.292 |
| Age (40–49) | 0.97*** | (0.06) | 0.331 | 0.28*** | (0.02) | 0.370 |
| Age (50–64) | 1.01*** | (0.07) | 0.344 | 0.37*** | (0.02) | 0.490 |
| Age (65+) | 0.57*** | (0.16) | 0.196 | 0.50*** | (0.05) | 0.661 |
| Constant | 21.0*** | (0.06) | –0.215 | 1.95*** | (0.03) | –0.026 |
| Observations | 119360 | 113671 | ||||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.038 | 0.097 | ||||
[i] Clustered standard errors in parentheses.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Figure 1
Mediation Model.