Figure 1
Hypothesized Mechanism of Help-Seeking Behaviors.
Table 1
Demographic Characteristics of Participants.
| VARIABLE | % |
|---|---|
| Biological sex | |
| Male | 71.1 |
| Female | 28.9 |
| Relationship status | |
| Single | 5.2 |
| In a relationship | 7.6 |
| Married or domestic partnership | 87.2 |
| Race | |
| White | 90 |
| Black or African American | 0.9 |
| Hispanic | 0.9 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3.8 |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 4.3 |
| Education | |
| High school degree or equivalent | 1.9 |
| Some college but no degree | 1.9 |
| Associate degree | 0.5 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 71.6 |
| Master’s degree | 22.3 |
| Professional degree | 1.4 |
| Employment status | |
| Employed for wages | 59.2 |
| Self-employed | 23.2 |
| Out of work and looking for work | 0.9 |
| Student | 0.5 |
| Military | 14.7 |
| Retired | 0.9 |
| Yearly income | |
| Less than $20,000 | 2.4 |
| $20,001 to $34,999 | 14.7 |
| $35,000 to $49,999 | 28 |
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 31.3 |
| $75,000 to $99,999 | 21.8 |
| Over $100,000 | 12.3 |
| Sexual orientation | |
| Heterosexual | 63.5 |
| Homosexual | 1.9 |
| Bisexual | 32.2 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.9 |
| Other | 0.5 |
[i] Note. n = 211.
Table 2
Reported Help-Seeking Behaviors.
| VARIABLE | % |
|---|---|
| Received psychological services | |
| Yes | 62.1 |
| No | 37 |
| Missing | 0.9 |
| Types of psychological service received | |
| Alcohol treatment | 7.6 |
| Counseling | 21.6 |
| Drug treatment | 1.9 |
| Psychiatric | 21.8 |
| Psychological | 34.1 |
Table 3
Means and Standard Deviations of Help-Seeking Behaviors, Total Number of Traumatic Events, Subtypes of Trauma-Related Guilt, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Subtypes of Self-Stigma.
| VARIABLE | n | MEAN | STANDARD DEVIATION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Help seekinga | 211 | 43.2 | 6.7 |
| Number of traumatic eventsb | 211 | 15.8 | 2.3 |
| Trauma-related guiltc | 211 | 66.5 | 10.9 |
| PCL totald | 211 | 50.0 | 15.1 |
| Self-stigma of mental illnesse | 211 | 207.0 | 59.8 |
[i] Notes. aHelp seeking = Total score of the IASMHS. bNumber of traumatic events = sum of traumatic events noted on LEC. cGlobal guilt subscale, distress subscale, and cognitions subscale scores summed through TRGI protocol. dPCL total = total score of PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. eStereotype awareness subscale, stereotype agreement, self-concurrence, and self-esteem decrement are all summed through the SSMIS protocol.
Table 4
Multiple Regression Analysis Predicting Help-Seeking Behaviors.
| PREDICTOR VARIABLE | B | SE | β | 95% CI FOR B | sr2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trauma-related guilt | –0.054 | 0.037 | –0.088 | [–0.126, 0.018] | < 0.001 | .143 |
| Self-stigma of mental illness | –0.062 | 0.007 | –0.555 | [–0.076, –0.049] | 0.308 | < .001 |
[i] Notes. B = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error; β = standardized beta coefficient; CI = confidence interval; and sr2 = semi-partial squared correlation.
Figure 2
Pathways of Help-Seeking Behaviors.
Notes. Coefficients presented are unstandardized serial mediation coefficients. *p < .05. Indirect relationship 2 = –.34. Indirect relationship 3 = –.07.
Table 5
Correlations between Help-Seeking Behaviors, Total Number of Traumatic Events, Subtypes of Guilt, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Subtypes of Self-Stigma.
| VARIABLE | MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | MODEL 4 | MODEL 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Help-seeking | – | ||||
| Number of traumatic events | –.23** | – | |||
| Trauma-related guilt | –.29** | .16* | – | ||
| PCL total | –.49** | .41** | .44** | – | |
| Self-stigma of mental illness | –.59** | .29** | .36** | . 46** | – |
[i] Notes. *p < .05; **p < .001.