Table 1
Demographic Information (N = 15).
| PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTIC | MEAN (SD)/% (N) |
|---|---|
| Age, mean | 45.8 years (SD = 15.9 years) |
| Sex % | |
| Male | 47% (7) |
| Female | 53% (8) |
| Branch | |
| Air Force | 14% (2) |
| Army | 53% (8) |
| Marine Corps | 6% (1) |
| Navy | 27% (4) |
| Status | |
| Active Duty | 14% (2) |
| Inactive Reserve | 6% (1) |
| Other Veteran | 53% (8) |
| Retired | 27% (4) |
| Rank | |
| E2 | 14% (2) |
| E4 | 48% (7) |
| E5 | 6% (1) |
| E6 | 14% (2) |
| Sgt | 6% (1) |
| Spc E4 | 6% (1) |
| Did not answer | 6% (1) |
[i] Note: E2-E6 refers to pay grade within the military.
Table 2
Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction & Frustration Scale (N = 15).
| NEED ELEMENT | M (SD) | CHANGE MEAN POST-PRE | df/n | t/z | p | g [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-autonomy satisfaction | 14.07 (2.78) | 1.00 | 15 | –1.518 | .129* | –.261 [–.232, .744] |
| Post-autonomy satisfaction | 15.07 (2.76) | |||||
| Pre-autonomy frustration | 11.40 (2.69) | –1.60 | 14 | –1.565 | .140 | –.382 [–.874, .123] |
| Post-autonomy frustration | 9.80 (2.80) | |||||
| Pre-relatedness satisfaction | 14.60 (2.97) | 1.40 | 14 | 1.305 | .213 | .319[–.179, .806] |
| Post-relatedness satisfaction | 16.00 (2.85) | |||||
| Pre-relatedness frustration | 9.20 (3.40) | –.93 | 14 | –.844 | .413 | –.206 [–.687, .282] |
| Post-relatedness frustration | 8.27 (2.63) | |||||
| Pre-competence satisfaction | 13.47 (3.50) | 1.60 | 14 | 1.450 | .169 | .354 [–.148, .844] |
| Post-competence satisfaction | 15.07 (2.89) | |||||
| Pre-competence frustration | 13.13 (3.98) | –1.87 | 14 | –1.399 | .184 | –.342 [–.830, .159] |
| Post-competence frustration | 11.27 (3.53) | |||||
| Composite scores | ||||||
| Pre-satisfaction | 42.13 (8.25) | 4.00 | 14 | 1.359 | .195 | –.332 [–.167, .820] |
| Post-satisfaction | 46.13 (7.77) | |||||
| Pre-frustration | 33.73 (9.25) | –4.40 | 14 | –1.317 | .209 | –.321 [–.809, .177] |
| Post-frustration | 29.33 (8.01) |
[i] *Wilcoxon Ranked Test conducted.
Effect sizes calculated using Hedges g.
Figure 1
Relatedness Satisfaction and Frustration (N = 15).
Figure 2
Competence Satisfaction and Frustration (N = 15).
Figure 3
Autonomy Satisfaction (N = 15).
Figure 4
Autonomy Frustration (N = 15).
Table 3
Military to Civilian Questionnaire (M2C-Q) pre- and post-scores.
| PRE-TEST | POST-TEST | POST-PRET-TEST/WILCOXON | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M | SD | N | M | SD | t/z | df/n | p | g/r [95%CI] | ||
| Over the past 30 days, have you had difficulty with… | |||||||||||
| 1. | Dealing with people you do not know well (such as acquaintances or stranger)? | 15 | 1.60 | 1.18 | 14 | 1.21 | 1.31 | –1.104 | 13 | 0.290 | –0.28 [–.78, .23] |
| 2. | Making new friends? | 15 | 2.33 | 1.17 | 14 | 1.86 | 1.29 | –1.144 | 13 | 0.273 | –0.29 [–.79, .22] |
| 3. | Keeping up friendships with people who have no military experience? | 15 | 1.93 | 1.38 | 14 | 1.07 | 1.14 | –2.008 | 13 | 0.066 | –0.50 [–1.03, .03] |
| 4. | Keeping up friendships with people who have military experiences (including friends who are active duty or veterans? | 15 | 1.67 | 1.23 | 14 | 1.29 | .99 | –0.717 | 13 | 0.486 | –0.18 [–.67, .32] |
| 5. | Getting along with relatives (such as siblings, parents, grandparents, in-laws and children not living at home)? | 15 | 2.13 | 1.35 | 14 | 1.36 | 1.44 | –1.883 | 13 | 0.082 | –0.47 [–.99, .06] |
| *6. | Getting along with your spouse or partner (such as communicating, doing things together, enjoying his or her company? | 6 | 2.50 | 1.64 | 9 | 1.33 | 1.41 | –1.282 | 8 | 0.256 | –0.44 [–1.15, .30] |
| *7. | Getting along with your child or children (such as communicating, doing things, together, enjoying his or her company)? | 7 | 1.43 | 1.39 | 5 | .80 | 1.78 | 0.190 | 4 | 0.861 | 0.07 [–.65, .77] |
| *8. | Finding or keeping a job (paid or nonpaid or self-employment)? | 10 | 2.30 | 1.82 | 6 | 1.50 | 1.76 | 0.000a | 6 | 1.000 | 0.00 [0.0,1.0] |
| *9. | Doing what you need to do for work or school? | 9 | 1.78 | 1.56 | 5 | 1.60 | 1.34 | –0.378a | 5 | 0.705 | –0.25 [0.13, 1.0] |
| 10. | Taking care of your chores at home (such as housework, yard work, cooking, cleaning, shopping, errands)? | 15 | 2.33 | .90 | 14 | 1.36 | 1.08 | –3.017 | 13 | 0.010** | –0.76 [–1.32, –.18] |
| 11. | Taking care of your health (such as exercising, sleeping, bathing, eating well, taking medications as needed)? | 15 | 2.33 | 9.0 | 14 | 1.43 | 1.22 | –1.992 | 13 | 0.068 | –0.50 [–1.02, .04] |
| 12. | Enjoying or making good use of free time? | 15 | 2.33 | 1.29 | 14 | 1.43 | 1.28 | –2.253 | 13 | 0.042** | –0.57 [–1.10, –.02] |
| 13. | Taking part in community events or celebrations (for example, festivals, PTA meetings, religious or other activities)? | 15 | 2.93 | 1.22 | 14 | 1.71 | 1.54 | –2.973 | 13 | 0.011** | –0.75 [–1.31, –.17] |
| 14. | Feeling like you belong in “civilian” society? | 15 | 2.13 | 1.30 | 14 | 1.07 | 1.29 | –2.565a | 14 | 0.010** | –0.74 [0.53, 0.85] |
| 15. | Confiding or sharing personal thoughts and feelings? | 15 | 2.53 | .91 | 14 | 1.43 | 1.28 | –2.895 | 13 | 0.013** | –0.73 [–1.28, –.15] |
| 16. | Finding meaning or purpose in life? | 15 | 2.73 | 1.10 | 14 | 1.29 | 1.49 | –3.000 | 13 | 0.010** | –0.75 [–1.31, –.17] |
| M2C-Q composite score | 14 | 2.23 | .849 | 14 | 1.37 | 1.05 | –2.273 | 13 | 0.034** | –0.60 [–1.13, –.05] | |
[i] *Questions that could be answered as “Does not apply”.
**Significant at a p < 0.05, a Computed with Wilcoxon Signed-rank test, Effect size calculated using Hedges g for t-tests.
Table 4
Correlations between post psychological needs satisfaction and frustration and post reintegration difficulties.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Post autonomy satisfaction | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 2. | Post autonomy frustration | –.670** | 1.00 | |||||||
| 3. | Post relatedness satisfaction | .716** | –.776** | 1.00 | ||||||
| 4. | Post relatedness frustration | –5.92* | .742** | –.904** | 1.00 | |||||
| 5. | Post competence satisfaction | .885** | –.588* | .658** | –.669** | 1.00 | ||||
| 6. | Post competence frustration | –.713** | .684** | –.718** | .731** | –.746** | 1.00 | |||
| 7. | Post total satisfaction | .947** | –.742** | .866** | –.791** | .928** | –.795** | 1.00 | ||
| 8. | Post total frustration | –.736** | .889** | –.878** | .903** | –.747** | .910** | –.862** | 1.00 | |
| 9. | Post reintegration difficulties scores | –.699** | .802** | –.760** | .560* | –.624* | .579* | –.752** | .711** | 1.00 |
[i] Note: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 5
Joint display of TR experiences on psychological needs and reintegration.
| TR BENEFITS | CHANGE IN SDT | REINTEGRATION DIFFICULTIES (LEVEL) | CHANGE IN MC2-Q SCORES | PARTICIPANT EXPERIENCES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ↑Autonomy satisfaction | 14.07 to 15.07 | ↓Finding and keeping a job. | 2.30 to 1.5 |
|
| ↓Autonomy frustration | 11.40 to 9.80 | ↓Doing what is needed. | 1.78 to 1.60 | |
| ↓Taking care of health. | 2.33 to 1.36 | |||
| ↑Relatedness satisfaction | 14.60 to 16.00 | ↓Dealing with people. | 1.60 to 1.21 |
|
| ↓Making friends. | 2.33 to 1.86 | |||
| ↓Relatedness frustration | 9.20 to 8.27 | ↓Keeping friends. | 1.67 to 1.29 | |
| ↓Getting along with relatives. | 2.13 to 1.36 | |||
| ↓Sharing emotions | 2.53 to 1.43 | |||
| ↓Taking part in community. | 2.93 to 1.71 | |||
| ↓Feeling like you belong. | 2.13 to 1.07 | |||
| ↑Competence satisfaction | 13.47 to 15.07 | ↓Finding and keeping a job. | 2.30 to 1.5 |
|
| ↓Doing what is needed. | 1.78 to 1.60 | |||
| ↓Competence frustration | 13.13 to 11.27 | ↓Taking part in community. | 2.93 to 1.71 | |
| ↑Overall needs satisfaction | 42.13 to 46.13 | ↓Finding meaning or purpose in life | 2.23 to 1.37 |
|
| ↓Overall needs frustration | 33.73 to 29.33 |