References
- Ahmed, K. (2020). Environmental policy stringency, related technological change and emissions inventory in 20 OECD countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 274, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111209
- Albulescu, C. T., Boatca-Barabas, M. E., & Diaconescu, A. (2022). The asymmetric effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 27311‒27327.10.1007/s11356-021-18267-8
- Aslanidis, N., & Iranzo, S. (2009). Environment and development: Is there a Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions?. Applied Economics, 41(6), 803–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840601018994
- Aye, G. C., & Edoja, P. E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on CO2 emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5, 1‒22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1379239
- Bae, J. H., Li, D. D., & Rishi, M. (2017). Determinants of CO2 emission for post-Soviet Union independent countries. Climate Policy, 17(5), 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1124751
- Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2019). An approach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 23010‒23026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x
- Blanco, L., Gonzalez, F., & Ruiz, I. (2013). The impact of FDI on CO2 emissions in Latin America. Oxford Development Studies, 41(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2012.732055
- Borusiak, B., Szymkowiak, A., Lopez-Lluch, D.B., & Sanchez-Bravo, P. (2021). The role of environmental concern in explaining attitude towards second-hand shopping. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 9(2), 71‒83. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090205
- Botta, E., & Kozluk, T. (2014). Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: A composite index approach. (OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 1177). Paris: OECD Publishing, Paris.
- BP. (2021). Statistical review of world energy (70th ed.). Retrieved March 15, 2021, from https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier test and its implications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239‒253.10.2307/2297111
- Brunel, C., & Levinson, A. (2016). Measuring the stringency of environmental regulations. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(1), 47‒67.10.1093/reep/rev019
- Chan, K. S. (1993). Consistency and limiting distribution of the least squares estimator of a threshold autoregressive model. The Annals of Statistics, 21, 520‒533.10.1214/aos/1176349040
- Chen J. H., & Huang, Y. F. (2014). Nonlinear environment and economic growth nexus: A panel smooth transition regression approach. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 7(2), 1‒16.
- Chen, Y., Fan, X., & Zhou, Q. (2020). An inverted-U impact of environmental regulations on carbon emissions in China’s iron and steel industry: Mechanisms of synergy and innovation effects. Sustainability, 12, 1‒18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031038
- Cole, M. A., Rayner, A. J., & Bates, J. M. (1997). The environmental Kuznets curve: An empirical analysis. Environment and Development Economics, 2, 401‒416.10.1017/S1355770X97000211
- De Angelis, E. M., Giacomo, M. D., & Vannoni, D. (2019). Climate change and economic growth: The role of environmental policy stringency. Sustainability, 11(8), 1‒15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082273
- De Serres, A., Murtin, F., & Nicoletti, G. (2010). A framework for assessing green growth policies. (OECD Working Papers No. ECO/WKP(2010)30. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/a-framework-for-assessing-green-growth-policies_5kmfj2xvcmkf-en
- Demiral, M., Akca, E. E., & Tekin, E. E. (2021). Predictors of global carbon dioxide emissions: Do stringent environmental policies differ?. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 18337–18361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01444-7
- Demiral, M., & Demiral, O. (2021). Where is the gray side of green growth? Theoretical insights, policy directions, and evidence from a multidimensional approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63905‒63930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13127-x
- Environmental Policy Stringency Index. (Yearly data). Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EPS
- Esso, L. J., & Keho, Y. (2016). Energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: Co-integration and causality evidence from selected African countries. Energy, 114, 492‒497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.010
- Foster, N. (2006). Exports, growth and threshold effects in Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(6), 1056–1074.10.1080/00220380600775027
- Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and FDI: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
- Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. (NBER Working Paper Series, No. 3914). https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
- Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
- Hanif, I. (2017). Economics-energy-environment nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean. Energy, 141, 170‒178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.054
- Hanif, I., Raza, S. M. F., Gago-de-Santos, P., & Abbas, Q. (2019). Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: Some empirical evidence. Energy, 171, 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.011
- Hansen, B. E. (1996). Inference when a nuisance parameter is not identified under the null hypothesis. Econometrica, 64(2), 413–430.10.2307/2171789
- Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: estimation, testing and inference. Journal of Econometrics, 93(2), 345–368.10.1016/S0304-4076(99)00025-1
- Hao, Y., & Liu, Y. M. (2015). Has the development of FDI and foreign trade contributed to China’s CO2 emissions? An empirical study with provincial panel data. Natural Hazards, 76(2), 1079–1091.10.1007/s11069-014-1534-4
- Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.325
- Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251‒1271.10.2307/1913827
- Heidari, H., Turan Katircioglu, S., & Saeidpour, L. (2015). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption in the five ASEAN countries. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 64, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.081
- IPCC. (2018). Summary for policymakers. In P. Z. Masson-Delmotte, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, …, T. Waterfield (Eds.), Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission path-ways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (5th ed., pp. 3‒24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kivyiro, P., & Arminen, H. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, and foreign direct investment: Causality analysis for sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, 74, 595‒606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.025
- Levinson, A., & Taylor, M. S. (2004). Unmasking the pollution haven effect. (NBER Working Paper Series No. 10629). Cambridge.10.3386/w10629
- Mert, M., & Boluk, G. (2016). Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21669–21681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7
- Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933–32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09469-7
- Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38, 661–666.10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
- Neves, A. A., Marques, A. C., & Patricio, M. (2020). Determinants of CO2 emissions in European union countries does environmental regulation reduce environmental pollution?. Economic Analysis and Policy, 68, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.09.005
- OECD. (2021). OECD.Stat. Retrieved March 12, 2021 from https://stats.oecd.org/
- Ouyang, X., Shao, Q., Zhu, X., He, H., Xiang, C., & Wei, G. (2019). Environmental regulation, economic growth and air pollution: Panel threshold analysis for OECD countries. Science of the Total Environment, 657, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.056
- Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. (ILO World Employment Program Research Working Papers, No. 238). Retrieved June, 14, 2021 from http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1993/93B09_31_engl.pdf
- Pao, H. T., & Tsai, C. M. (2011). Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (foreign direct investment) and GDP (gross domestic product): Evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Energy, 36, 685‒693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.041
- Pei, Y., Zhu, Y., Liu, S., Wang, X., & Cao, J. (2019). Environmental regulation and carbon emission: The mediation effect of technical efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 1‒13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.074
- Perman, R., & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 325–347.10.1111/1467-8489.00216
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. (Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435). Cambridge: Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
- Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105‒127.10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x
- Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Rafindadi, A. A., Muye, I. M., & Kaita, R. A. (2018). The effects of FDI and energy consumption on environmental pollution in predominantly resource-based economies of the GCC. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 25, 126–137.
- Saboori, B., & Sulaiman, J. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries: A co-integration approach. Energy, 55, 813‒822.10.1016/j.energy.2013.04.038
- Sohag, K., Mariev, O., & Davidson, N. (2021). Revising environmental Kuznets curve in Russian regions: Role of environmental policy stringency. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 52873–52886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14515-z
- Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., & Barbier, E. B. (1996). Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0
- Temurlenk, M. S., & Lögün, A. (2022). An analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis in the context of Turkey: A nonlinear approach. Economics and Business Review, 22(1), 5‒23. https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2022.1.2
- Wang, H., & Zhang, R. (2021). Effects of environmental regulation on CO2 emissions: An empirical analysis of 282 cities in China. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 29, 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.10.016
- Wang, K., Yan, M., Wang, Y., & Chang, C. P. (2020). The impact of environmental policy stringency on air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 231, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117522
- Wang, Y., Zuo, Y., Li, W., Kang, Y., Chen, W., Zhao, M., & Chen. H. (2019). Does environmental regulation affect CO2 emissions? Analysis based on threshold effect model. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21, 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1655-7
- WHO. (2018). Clean air for health: Geneva Action Agenda. Geneva. Retrieved March 8, 2021 from: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-11-2018-clean-air-for-health-geneva-action-agenda
- Wolde-Rufael, Y., & Weldemeskel, E. M. (2020). Environmental policy stringency, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions: Panel cointegration analysis for BRIICTS countries. International Journal of Green Energy, 17(10), 568–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1779073
- Wolde-Rufael, Y., & Weldemeskel, E. M. (2021). Do environmental taxes and environmental stringency policies reduce CO2 emissions? Evidence from 7 emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 22392–22408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11475-8
- World Bank. (2021). Retrieved March 10, 2021 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC
- Yakubu, B.N., Salamzadeh, A., Bouzari, P., Ebrahimi, P., Fekete-Farkas, M. (2022). Identifying the key factors of sustainable entrepreneurship in Nigeria food industry: The role of media availability. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(2), 147‒162. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2022.100209
- Yasin, I., Ahmad, N., & Chaudhary, M. A. (2021). The impact of financial development, political institutions, and urbanization on environmental degradation: Evidence from 59 less-developed economies. Environment Development and Sustainability, 23, 6698‒6721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00885-w
- Yin, J., Zheng, M., & Chen, J. (2015). The effects of environmental regulation and technical progress on CO2 Kuznets curve: An evidence from China. Energy Policy, 77, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.008