Geological and groundwater aspects of ground-source heat pump systems for buildings: an overview
References
- Act of 7 July 1994 – Construction Law. Consolidated text: Journal of Laws 2026, item 524.
- Act of 9 June 2011 – Geological and Mining Law. Consolidated text: Journal of Laws 2026, item 69.
- Act of 20 July 2017 – Water Law. Consolidated text: Journal of Laws 2025, item 960.
- Act of 13 March 2026 amending the Act on collective water supply and collective sewage discharge and certain other acts. Journal of Laws 2026, item 605.
- Annable, M.D., Hatfield, K., Cho, J., Klammler, H., Parker, B.L., Cherry, J.A. & Rao, P.S.C. (2005) Field-scale evaluation of the passive flux meter for simultaneous measurement of groundwater and contaminant fluxes. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(18), 7194–7201. DOI: 10.1021/es050074g.
- Aresti, L., Christodoulides, P. & Florides, G.A. (2021) An investigation on the environmental impact of various ground heat exchangers configurations. Renewable Energy, 171, 592–605. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.120.
- Attard, G., Bayer, P., Rossier, Y., Blum, P. & Eisenlohr, L. (2020) A novel concept for managing thermal interference between geothermal systems in cities. Renewable Energy, 145, 914–924. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.095.
- Banks, D. (2015) A review of the importance of regional groundwater advection for ground heat exchange. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(6), 2555–2565. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-014-3377-4.
- Bonte, M., Stuyfzand, P.J., Hulsmann, A. & Van Beelen, P. (2011) Underground thermal energy storage: environmental risks and policy developments in the Netherlands and European Union. Ecology and Society, 16(1), 22. DOI: 10.5751/ES-03762-160122.
- Casasso, A. & Sethi, R. (2019) Assessment and minimization of potential environmental impacts of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. Water, 11(8), 1573. DOI: 10.3390/w11081573.
- Casasso, A., Ferrantello, N., Pescarmona, S., Bianco, C. & Sethi, R. (2020) Can borehole heat exchangers trigger cross-contamination between aquifers? Water, 12(4), 1174. DOI: 10.3390/w12041174.
- Diao, N., Li, Q. & Fang, Z. (2004) Heat transfer in ground heat exchangers with groundwater advection. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 43(12), 1203–1211. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2004.04.009.
- Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast). OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, 82–209.
- Directive (EU) 2023/959 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union. OJ L 130, 16.5.2023, 134–202.
- Directive (EU) 2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on energy efficiency and amending, Regulation (EU) 2023/955 (recast). OJ L 231, 20.9.2023, 1–111.
- Directive (EU) 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources (RED III). OJ L, 2023/2413, 31.10.2023.
- Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). OJ L, 2024/1275, 8.5.2024.
- Eslami-nejad, P. & Bernier, M. (2012) Freezing of geothermal borehole surroundings: a numerical and experimental assessment with applications. Applied Energy, 98, 333–345. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.047.
- Forum Energii (2020) Transformacja energetyczna w Polsce – edycja 2020 [Energy transformation in Poland – 2020 edition]. Warsaw, Forum Energii.
- GEO – Geothermal Exchange Organization (2014) Geothermal boreholes are NOT wells. GEO Industry Position Paper.
- Goldscheider, N. & Bechtel, T.D. (2009) Editors’ message: The housing crisis from underground – damage to a historic town by geothermal drillings through anhydrite, Staufen, Germany. Hydrogeology Journal, 17(3), 491–493. DOI: 10.1007/s10040-009-0458-7.
- Guz, Ł., Gaweł, D., Łagód, S., Guz, E. & Pavlík, Z. (2024) Analysis of fluid velocity in borehole ground heat exchangers connected in the Tichelmann system. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3126, 020009. DOI: 10.1063/5.0200789.
- Hagedorn, J., Kahlfeld, R., Nageler, M. & Kabelac, S. (2024) Investigation of the operating characteristic of a demand-controlled 368 m deep CO2 thermosyphon geothermal borehole heat exchanger for building heating. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2766(1), 012106. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012106.
- Hähnlein, S., Bayer, P., Ferguson, G. & Blum, P. (2013) Sustainability and policy for the thermal use of shallow geothermal energy. Energy Policy, 59, 914–925. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.040.
- Kljajić, M.V., Anđelković, A.S., Hasik, V., Munćan, V.M. & Bilec, M. (2020) Shallow geothermal energy integration in district heating system: an example from Serbia. Renewable Energy, 147(2), 2791–2800. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.103.
- Luo, J., Rohn, J., Bayer, M. & Priess, A. (2013) Thermal performance and economic evaluation of double U-tube borehole heat exchanger with three different borehole diameters. Energy and Buildings, 67, 217–224. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.030.
- Matusevych, V., Savchenko, O., Vozniak, O. & Lis, A. (2025) The influence of ground heat exchanger installation on the efficiency of residential geothermal ventilation systems. Construction of Optimized Energy Potential (CoOEP), 14, 179–187. DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2025.14.18.
- Petitclerc, E., Laenen, B., Broothaers, M., Harcouët-Menou, V. & Dupont, N. (2025) Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Belgium. In: Proceedings of the European Geothermal Congress 2025. Brussels, EGEC.
- PORT PC (2022) Wytyczne projektowania, wykonywania i odbioru instalacji z pompami ciepła [Guidelines for the design, execution and acceptance of heat pump installations]. Kraków, Polish Heat Pump Association (PORT PC).
- Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’). OJ L 243, 9.7.2021, 1–17.
- Regulation (EU) 2023/839 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/841 as regards the scope, simplifying the reporting and compliance rules, and setting out the targets of the Member States for 2030. OJ L 107, 21.4.2023, 1–28.
- Regulation (EU) 2023/857 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement. OJ L 111, 26.4.2023, 1–14.
- Rybach, L. & Eugster, W.J. (2010) Sustainability aspects of geothermal heat pump operation, with experience in Switzerland. Geothermics, 39(4), 365–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2010.08.002.
- Sass, I. & Burbaum, U. (2010) Damage to the historic town of Staufen (Germany) caused by geothermal drillings through anhydrite-bearing formations. Acta Carsologica, 39(2), 233–245. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v39i2.96.
- Sass, I. & Burbaum, U. (2012) Geothermische Bohrungen in Staufen im Breisgau: Schadensursachen und Perspektiven. Geotechnik, 35(3), 198–205. DOI: 10.1002/gete.201100018.
- Savchenko, O., Zhelykh, V., Dudnik, K. & Kononchuk, O. (2015) Technical prerequisites for installing geothermal ventilation in passive house. Theory and Practice of Construction, 823, 281–285.
https://science.lpnu.ua/sites/default/files/journal-paper/2017/jun/4233/4481.pdf (in Ukrainian). - Signorelli, S., Kohl, T. & Rybach, L. (2005) Sustainability of production from borehole heat exchanger fields. In: Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April.
- Simon, N., Balzani, L., Jamin, P. & Brouyère, S. (2024) Estimation of groundwater flux with active distributed temperature sensing and the finite volume point dilution method: a field comparison. Hydrogeology Journal, 5. DOI: 10.1007/s10040-024-02805-y.
- Stauffer, F., Bayer, P., Blum, P., Molina-Giraldo, N. & Kinzelbach, W. (2013) Thermal Use of Shallow Groundwater. Boca Raton, CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/b16239.
- Sun, F., Hao, B., Fu, L., Wu, H., Xie, Y. & Wu, H. (2021) New medium-low temperature hydrothermal geothermal district heating system based on distributed electric compression heat pumps and a centralized absorption heat transformer. Energy, 232, 120974. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120974.
- Szafranko, E. (2025) Circular economy implemented on the construction site. Construction of Optimized Energy Potential (CoOEP), 14, 46–54. DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2025.14.05.
- Ujma, A., Iremashvili, I., Mskhiladze, N., Jarosz, P. & Tsadzikidze, A. (2025) Greening of structures as one of the attributes of green building certification. In: Collected Papers of the XII International Scientific and Technical Conference. Tbilisi, Georgia, 180–190.
- Van Putte, N. & Verreydt, G. The iFLUX sensor for real-time measurement of horizontal groundwater flux magnitude and direction. Journal of Hydrology, under review.
- Verreydt, G., Bronders, J., Van Keer, I., Diels, L. & Vanderauwera, P. (2015) Groundwater flow field distortion by monitoring wells and passive flux meters. Groundwater, 53(6), 933–942. DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12290.
- You, T., Li, X., Cao, S. & Yang, H. (2018) Soil thermal imbalance of ground source heat pump systems with spiral-coil energy pile groups under seepage conditions and various influential factors. Energy Conversion and Management, 178, 123–136. DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.10.027.
- Zeng, S., Yan, Z. & Yang, J. (2021) Review and forecast of ground heat exchangers development: A bibliometric analysis from 2001 to 2020. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101547. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2021.101547.
Language: English
Published on: Jul 13, 2026
Published by: Technical University in Czestochowa
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Weronika Koszuda, Łukasz Kaczmarek, Maria Grodzka-Łukaszewska, Michael Manton, Angelika Kaczmarek, Goedele Verreydt, Anna Regtuit, published by Technical University in Czestochowa
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License.