Competitiveness of Polish Agri-Food Products in the Single European Market

CN	Product	Export			Import
CN	Product	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022
1	Live animals	220	100	106	275	599	925
2	Meat and meat preparations	1 933	3 121	6 164	1 283	1403	1 950
3	Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and preparations thereof	769	1 197	1 986	243	427	558
4	Dairy products and birds’ eggs	1 380	1 400	3 225	557	923	1 679
5	Crude animal materials, n.e.s.	133	183	351	142	123	215
7	Vegetables	582	633	1 060	508	547	1 002
8	Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried	113	252	480	637	688	1 156
9	Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof	341	625	773	348	439	933
10	Cereals and cereal preparations	356	549	2 318	324	293	544
12	Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits	171	126	476	87	217	338
13	Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed)	152	158	274	408	413	748
14	Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.	227	171	316	242	190	292
15	Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes	276	483	1 173	475	682	1 589
16	Preparations of meat, fish, crustaceans, mollusks	612	972	1 554	167	191	352
17	Sugar, sugar preparations and honey	322	445	715	329	316	528
18	Cocoa and cocoa preparations	467	970	1 645	617	938	1 426
19	Preparations of cereals, flour, starch, or milk	683	1 294	2 433	459	573	1 110
20	Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts	1 066	1 392	2 271	388	448	992
21	Miscellaneous edible products and preparations	931	1 289	2 774	741	835	1 737
22	Beverages	335	511	908	377	428	990
23	Feedstuff for animals (excluding unmilled cereals)	396	610	2 310	507	501	1 507
24	Tobacco and tobacco manufactures	1 359	1 824	3 616	240	367	389
Total		12 824	18 305	36 926	9 354	11 539	20 961

[i] CN 6 and 11 have been excluded.

[ii] Source: own study based on UNCTAD, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre (accessed on 14 June 2024).

Structure of agri-food exports from Poland to the SEM in 2022 (%)
Source: own study based on UNCTAD, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre (accessed on 14 June 2025).

Structure of agri-food imports to Poland from the SEM in 2022 (%)
Source: own study based on UNCTAD, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre (accessed on 14 June 2025).

Table 2.

Value of the export specialization index (SI) and export-to-import coverage ratio (CR) and relative comparative advantage index for exports (XRCA) in Poland’s agri-food trade with the SEM in 2010, 2016, and 2022

CN	SI			CR (%)			XRCA
CN	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022
1	0.60	0.20	0.15	80.0	16.6	11.4	0.59	0.20	0.14
2	1.43	1.77	1.84	150.7	222.4	316.0	1.50	1.93	2.01
3	1.37	1.25	1.16	316.1	280.6	355.7	1.39	1.27	1.17
4	0.97	0.78	0.77	247.7	151.7	192.1	0.97	0.76	0.75
5	1.77	1.74	1.47	93.4	148.1	163.4	1.77	1.75	1.48
7	0.78	0.61	0.58	114.7	115.6	105.7	0.77	0.60	0.57
8	0.16	0.23	0.25	17.7	36.6	41.5	0.15	0.22	0.24
9	1.25	1.30	0.83	97.8	142.6	82.8	1.26	1.32	0.83
10	0.64	0.74	1.30	109.8	187.5	426.2	0.63	0.74	1.32
12	0.75	0.39	0.64	197.5	58.3	140.7	0.74	0.38	0.63
13	0.27	0.19	0.18	37.2	38.3	36.7	0.26	0.19	0.18
14	1.24	1.03	0.84	93.7	89.9	108.1	1.24	1.03	0.84
15	0.48	0.53	0.46	58.2	70.9	73.8	0.46	0.52	0.44
16	1.51	1.59	1.43	366.1	507.8	441.6	1.54	1.62	1.45
17	0.98	1.01	0.82	97.8	140.7	135.3	0.98	1.01	0.82
18	0.91	1.14	1.16	75.7	103.4	115.4	0.91	1.15	1.17
19	1.14	1.39	1.26	148.8	225.7	219.2	1.15	1.42	1.27
20	1.56	1.38	1.19	274.6	310.6	228.9	1.61	1.41	1.20
21	1.38	1.25	1.12	125.6	154.5	159.7	1.41	1.27	1.13
22	0.39	0.42	0.38	88.9	119.5	91.7	0.37	0.40	0.37
23	0.67	0.68	1.11	78.0	121.8	153.3	0.66	0.67	1.12
24	2.58	2.91	3.73	565.6	497.8	929.2	2.77	3.13	4.02

[i] Source: own study based on UNCTAD, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre (accessed on 14 June 2025).

Table 3.

Relative comparative advantage index for imports (MRCA), and relative Trade Advantage (RTA) index value and summary assessment and Value of the Grubel–Lloyd intra-industry trade (IIT) index in Poland’s trade in agri-food products in the SEM in 2010, 2016, and 2022

CN	MRCA			RTA			Summary assessment			IIT (%)
CN	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022	2010	2016	2022
1	1.06	2.06	2.21	−0.48	−1.86	−2.07	−	−	−	88.9	28.5	20.5
2	1.37	1.33	1.05	0.14	0.60	0.95	+	+	+	79.8	62.0	48.1
3	0.64	0.81	0.63	0.75	0.47	0.55	+	+	+	48.1	52.6	43.9
4	0.49	0.77	0.67	0.48	−0.01	0.08	+/−	+/−	+/−	57.5	79.5	68.5
5	2.50	1.73	1.57	−0.73	0.02	−0.09	−	+	−	96.6	80.6	75.9
7	0.92	0.83	0.97	−0.15	−0.23	−0.40	+/−	+/−	+/−	93.2	92.8	97.2
8	1.34	1.06	1.12	−1.19	−0.84	−0.87	−	−	−	30.1	53.6	58.7
9	1.88	1.53	1.77	−0.63	−0.21	−0.94	−	−	−	98.9	82.4	90.6
10	0.73	0.55	0.47	−0.10	0.18	0.85	+/−	+/−	+	95.3	69.6	38.0
12	0.52	0.92	0.74	0.23	−0.53	−0.11	+/−	+/−	+/−	67.2	73.7	83.1
13	1.09	0.94	1.04	−0.84	−0.75	−0.86	−	+/−	−	54.2	55.4	53.7
14	1.69	1.57	1.30	−0.45	−0.54	−0.46	−	−	−	96.8	94.7	96.1
15	1.10	1.20	1.07	−0.64	−0.68	−0.63	−	−	−	73.6	82.9	84.9
16	0.58	0.53	0.59	0.95	1.10	0.86	+	+	+	42.9	32.9	36.9
17	1.28	1.04	1.01	−0.30	−0.03	−0.19	−	−	−	98.9	83.1	85.0
18	1.76	1.80	1.82	−0.85	−0.66	−0.65	−	−	−	86.2	98.3	92.9
19	0.99	0.91	0.96	0.15	0.51	0.31	+	+	+	80.4	61.4	62.7
20	0.77	0.70	0.93	0.83	0.71	0.27	+	+	+	53.4	48.7	60.8
21	1.42	1.28	1.28	−0.01	−0.02	−0.15	−	−	−	88.6	78.6	77.0
22	0.56	0.52	0.71	−0.19	−0.12	–0.34	+/−	+/−	+/−	94.1	91.1	95.7
23	1.25	0.93	1.35	−0.59	−0.26	−0.23	−	+/−	−	87.7	90.2	79.0
24	0.60	0.84	0.64	2.17	2.29	3.38	+	+	+	30.1	33.5	19.4