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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Measures: A Case Study of Three Dairy Production Farms in Costa Rica Cover

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Measures: A Case Study of Three Dairy Production Farms in Costa Rica

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Characterization of NAMA measures implemented by the study producers

FarmMeasureMitigation PotentialImpact on ProductivityAdaptation PotentialImplementsWeighting
ARational grazing4.005.001.001.002.35
Pasture improvement4.005.001.001.002.35
Living fences3.001.001.000.001.05
Improved fertilization plans2.001.001.001.001.25

BRational grazing4.005.001.001.002.35
Pasture improvement4.005.001.001.002.35
Living fences3.001.001.000.001.05
Improved fertilization plans2.001.001.001.001.25

CRational grazing4.005.001.001.002.35
Pasture improvement4.005.001.001.002.35
Living fences3.001.001.001.001.50
Improved fertilization plans2.001.001.001.001.25

Estimated financial indicators and ratios for the producers under study

ProducerNPV ($USD)IRR (%)C/BNPM (%)ROI (%)IPP
A without investment217 654.277 647.00307.6754.0082 251.000.01
A with investment241 883.44517.0019.8456.00452.000.19
B without investment132 385.783 209.00172.7636.002 023.000.03
B with investment143 852.38329.0016.5238.00211.000.30
C without investment47 921.5688.003.7834.0094.000.29
C with investment54 357.7862.002.1441.0064.000.78

Annual cost in $USD of fresh cheese and yogurt production for the producers in the study

CategoryAnnual Cost ($USD)

Producer A (fresh cheese)Producer B (fresh cheese)Producer C (yogurt)
Production Inputs11 655.927 545.0411 019.49
Raw Materials and Others11 609.177 287.308 754.30
Packaging46.75257.752 265.19
Labor4 789.964 789.961 995.82
Other593.802 685.494 339.17
Services380.941 206.652 168.80
Cleaning Supplies77.36460.081 216.97
Equipment Depreciation135.491 018.77953.40
Subtotal17 039.6815 020.5017 354.47
Other unforeseen events (2.50%)14.8467.14108.48
Total17 054.5215 087.6417 462.95

Net cash flow in $USD of the producers under study

YearNet cash flow ($USD)

Producer AProducer BProducer C
202412 192.238 709.7325 385.00
202562 761.9328 124.9314 043.22
202664 241.8629 379.2714 555.72
202765 765.8531 422.5514 781.50
202867 327.1532 861.1115 169.30
202993 505.92101 993.4459 617.16

NAMA measures implemented by the study producers

NAMA measurementMeasurement detailsProducer AProducer BProducer C
Rational grazingNumber of paddocks413128
Rotation intervals (days)10.5–11
Pasture improvementSpeciesEstrella africana and KikuyoRay Grass and KikuyoMombaza and Retana
Live fencesLinear meters2 300Does not have3 058
SpeciesLocal species Erythrina poeppigiana (poró) and Gliricidia sepium (madero negro)
Improvements in fertilization plansMeasureRainwater harvestingCollection of whey and water used to wash the shedSolid separator and fertigation
Solid separator and fertigationWhey collection
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2026.1.00005r1 | Journal eISSN: 1899-5772 | Journal ISSN: 1899-5241
Language: English
Page range: 40 - 50
Accepted on: Mar 2, 2026
Published on: Mar 30, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Daniel Jossué Zamora Mendieta, Johanna Solórzano Thompson, Javier Paniagua Molina, Nicole Valeria Víquez Ramírez, published by The University of Life Sciences in Poznań
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.