Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Demographic characteristics of respondents (%)
| Variables | Category | Bono (n = 160) | Volta (n = 184) | Pooled (n = 344) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 61.9 | 68.5 | 65.4 |
| Female | 38.1 | 31.5 | 34.6 | |
| Age | 25–40 | 23.8 | 35.9 | 30.2 |
| 41–55 | 58.7 | 45.1 | 51.5 | |
| ≥ 56 | 17.5 | 19.0 | 18.3 | |
| Education | No formal | 27.5 | 23.4 | 25.3 |
| Primary | 49.4 | 49.5 | 42.7 | |
| Secondary | 21.9 | 20.6 | 26.5 | |
| Tertiary | 1.2 | 6.5 | 5.5 | |
| Household size | 1–3 | 55.6 | 33.7 | 43.9 |
| 4–5 | 44.4 | 66.3 | 56.1 | |
| Farm size (acres) | <1 | 18.7 | 24 | 21.5 |
| 1–4 | 74.4 | 54.3 | 63.7 | |
| ≥ 5 | 6.9 | 21.7 | 14.8 | |
| Experience | 1–10 | 66.3 | 31.0 | 47.4 |
| 11–20 | 10 | 41.8 | 27.0 | |
| ≥ 21 | 23.8 | 27.2 | 25.6 | |
Constraints affecting adopting of different technologies among respondents (n = 344)
| Constraints | Technologies (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| improved seed varieties | fertilizer | line sowing | soil bunding | machinery | |
| Socioeconomic | |||||
| High cost of inputs | 77.3 | 89.2 | 6.7 | 24.4 | 75.0 |
| Difficulty in land access | 68.3 | 70.0 | 45.6 | 21.7 | 18.9 |
| Limited financial support options | 84.3 | 86.3 | 68.3 | 78.2 | 80.2 |
| Difficulty in labor access | 50.0 | 64.5 | 80.5 | 65.4 | 45.6 |
| Institutional | |||||
| Limited subsidy for inputs | 52.3 | 50.6 | 22.7 | 13.7 | 73.8 |
| Untimely supply of inputs | 79.4 | 68.3 | 8.7 | 6.6 | 28.3 |
| Limited information supply on inputs | 83.4 | 79.4 | 38.3 | 46.8 | 75.6 |
| Weak extension services at community level | 50.6 | 64.2 | 56.7 | 70.6 | 47.7 |
| Limited access to training programs | 88.4 | 84.3 | 68.3 | 73.3 | 50.0 |
| Distance to input market | 66.6 | 80.2 | 7.8 | 22.7 | 68.6 |
| Technical | |||||
| Lack of awareness of certain technology | 50.6 | 34.6 | 0 | 18.9 | 51.7 |
| Lack of conviction in new technology | 66.5 | 38.3 | 23.3 | 55.8 | 17.2 |
| Complexity of technology | 48.8 | 46.5 | 55.5 | 74.4 | 76.5 |
| Limited knowledge about pest control | 43.0 | 15.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |