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Variability in Levels of Investment, Investment Subsidies, and Costs in Polish Farms Depending on the Type of Agricultural Production Cover

Variability in Levels of Investment, Investment Subsidies, and Costs in Polish Farms Depending on the Type of Agricultural Production

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Mean values of gross investments and investment subsidies in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.
Mean values of gross investments and investment subsidies in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Fig. 2.

Mean values of gross investments and total costs in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.
Mean values of gross investments and total costs in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Fig. 3.

Mean values of gross investments and costs of machine and building upkeep in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.
Mean values of gross investments and costs of machine and building upkeep in 2007 and 2019Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Variable statistics

StatisticsGross investmentSubsidies on investmentsTotal inputsMachinery and building current costs
Mean42865,166133392,435851197645,046211034,19821
Standard error795,131035244,421409111487,7596573,53057146
Median3369,57501095306680
Mode00760930
Standard deviation163286,69699122,301665305523,678815100,10754
Sample variance2666254539083216387,6693344718325228013247,6
Kurtosis287,036731477,854271472,9323865246,4993286
Skewness9,21649345411,286526186,7339323719,104615507
Range108361335929515923112790140
Minimum−4787339042990
Maximum60487945929515927411790140
Sum1807709786143065804,78335086887465334206,9
Count42172421724217242172

The coefficient of variation for total costs (%)

VeFieldcropsHorticultureOther permanent cropsDairy cowsOther grazing livestockGranivoresMixed
2007121.59150.4083.62123.4578.37107.23128.94
2008121.18140.1390.03114.8578.43109.58121.11
2009123.28141.7290.56109.4989.35113.26125.52
2010125.31151.3999.02118.8787.31112.53136.98
2011121.95163.1199.71120.0285.03113.32139.49
2012122.84193.1080.66132.5389.12114.69143.93
2013124.99179.9085.30132.5095.50115.92146.90
2014124.92182.6685.98139.68101.37115.91150.56
2015121.91207.3387.01137.52100.33112.38156.69
2016124.32215.5690.17137.67101.26109.98163.21
2017124.42203.3097.36137.38102.00110.12164.25
2018124.79196.8099.83140.58106.95112.38159.29
2019125.68205.1196.95138.63113.80113.45167.85

The coefficient of variation for costs of machinery and building upkeep (%)

VeFieldcropsHorticultureOther permanent cropsDairy cowsOther grazing livestockGranivoresMixed
2007128.35146.54111.88120.5195.60116.39124.92
2008131.46111.6999.36116.8790.31110.59121.01
2009127.71132.80105.5695.7091.83110.33114.58
2010117.89138.8692.97123.03110.79114.24118.18
2011123.94124.02125.87115.32101.76139.48129.07
2012135.08119.16104.47134.44102.4399.18152.94
2013221.62167.14106.21114.50106.93116.67136.56
2014119.10129.27111.67130.01131.14111.68125.32
2015122.14128.15204.95131.57113.24141.51137.91
2016109.64142.64122.93119.36103.48111.10125.70
2017116.40135.51147.23116.11105.66120.20166.85
2018118.21111.25141.26124.77120.30106.36131.37
2019122.21147.97130.33124.23122.21115.58168.38

The coefficient of variation for allocated amounts of investment subsidies (%)

VeFieldcropsHorticultureOther permanent cropsDairy cowsOther grazing livestockGranivoresMixed
2007 462.24323.91238.02191.58479.00278.28
2008306.78434.88375.55200.58197.60183.68218.10
2009332.93396.97276.26310.64204.07190.75212.76
2010392.32296.79235.21202.94203.79184.97244.36
2011266.90296.22265.48210.78249.51171.41263.37
2012259.46317.02251.78211.33280.53177.83271.79
2013241.17293.10215.36216.73262.93169.80265.26
2014234.95293.91198.49182.54259.17171.02258.85
2015242.27270.21205.55201.45296.89191.47293.02
2016228.71297.36191.93195.04287.11187.80269.33
2017229.44302.35193.61201.24296.46185.78271.29
2018235.76307.20190.24202.96314.10210.63642.82
2019231.88326.99192.84212.49331.22223.14263.77

Coefficient of variation for gross investments (%)

VeFieldcropsHorticultureOther permanent cropsDairy cowsOther grazing livestockGranivoresMixed
2007303.47347.14156.52179.10239.78232.01268.79
2008292.55364.30209.14234.28290.06388.54340.80
2009317.78237.02184.50274.38501.70241.53331.07
2010280.20446.01212.10246.07278.46225.17291.73
2011408.07366.50173.89217.64329.85271.24378.19
2012343.30386.62223.05198.09297.13239.91280.04
2013326.26448.87254.71291.81379.58200.29319.65
2014323.92486.15243.50282.96329.38211.43476.23
2015312.73398.83292.67320.32533.50324.54337.17
2016576.85291.76231.78462.21349.95485.69931.29
2017471.30342.88279.10264.50337.88392.23603.83
2018882.96622.12226.49246.47357.23360.34422.15
2019783.37283.21375.92296.61406.15428.02456.29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2025.4.00030r2 | Journal eISSN: 1899-5772 | Journal ISSN: 1899-5241
Language: English
Page range: 384 - 395
Accepted on: Oct 4, 2025
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: The University of Life Sciences in Poznań
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Jagoda Zmyślona, Julia Barczak, published by The University of Life Sciences in Poznań
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 78 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)