Variability in Levels of Investment, Investment Subsidies, and Costs in Polish Farms Depending on the Type of Agricultural Production

Statistics	Gross investment	Subsidies on investments	Total inputs	Machinery and building current costs
Mean	42865,16613	3392,435851	197645,0462	11034,19821
Standard error	795,1310352	44,42140911	1487,75965	73,53057146
Median	3369,575	0	109530	6680
Mode	0	0	76093	0
Standard deviation	163286,6969	9122,301665	305523,6788	15100,10754
Sample variance	26662545390	83216387,66	93344718325	228013247,6
Kurtosis	287,036731	477,8542714	72,9323865	246,4993286
Skewness	9,216493454	11,28652618	6,733932371	9,104615507
Range	10836133	592951	5923112	790140
Minimum	−4787339	0	4299	0
Maximum	6048794	592951	5927411	790140
Sum	1807709786	143065804,7	8335086887	465334206,9
Count	42172	42172	42172	42172

[i] Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Mean values of gross investments and investment subsidies in 2007 and 2019
Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Mean values of gross investments and total costs in 2007 and 2019
Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Mean values of gross investments and costs of machine and building upkeep in 2007 and 2019
Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Table 2.

Coefficient of variation for gross investments (%)

Ve	Fieldcrops	Horticulture	Other permanent crops	Dairy cows	Other grazing livestock	Granivores	Mixed
2007	303.47	347.14	156.52	179.10	239.78	232.01	268.79
2008	292.55	364.30	209.14	234.28	290.06	388.54	340.80
2009	317.78	237.02	184.50	274.38	501.70	241.53	331.07
2010	280.20	446.01	212.10	246.07	278.46	225.17	291.73
2011	408.07	366.50	173.89	217.64	329.85	271.24	378.19
2012	343.30	386.62	223.05	198.09	297.13	239.91	280.04
2013	326.26	448.87	254.71	291.81	379.58	200.29	319.65
2014	323.92	486.15	243.50	282.96	329.38	211.43	476.23
2015	312.73	398.83	292.67	320.32	533.50	324.54	337.17
2016	576.85	291.76	231.78	462.21	349.95	485.69	931.29
2017	471.30	342.88	279.10	264.50	337.88	392.23	603.83
2018	882.96	622.12	226.49	246.47	357.23	360.34	422.15
2019	783.37	283.21	375.92	296.61	406.15	428.02	456.29

[i] Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Table 3.

The coefficient of variation for allocated amounts of investment subsidies (%)

Ve	Fieldcrops	Horticulture	Other permanent crops	Dairy cows	Other grazing livestock	Granivores	Mixed
2007		462.24	323.91	238.02	191.58	479.00	278.28
2008	306.78	434.88	375.55	200.58	197.60	183.68	218.10
2009	332.93	396.97	276.26	310.64	204.07	190.75	212.76
2010	392.32	296.79	235.21	202.94	203.79	184.97	244.36
2011	266.90	296.22	265.48	210.78	249.51	171.41	263.37
2012	259.46	317.02	251.78	211.33	280.53	177.83	271.79
2013	241.17	293.10	215.36	216.73	262.93	169.80	265.26
2014	234.95	293.91	198.49	182.54	259.17	171.02	258.85
2015	242.27	270.21	205.55	201.45	296.89	191.47	293.02
2016	228.71	297.36	191.93	195.04	287.11	187.80	269.33
2017	229.44	302.35	193.61	201.24	296.46	185.78	271.29
2018	235.76	307.20	190.24	202.96	314.10	210.63	642.82
2019	231.88	326.99	192.84	212.49	331.22	223.14	263.77

[i] Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Table 4.

The coefficient of variation for total costs (%)

Ve	Fieldcrops	Horticulture	Other permanent crops	Dairy cows	Other grazing livestock	Granivores	Mixed
2007	121.59	150.40	83.62	123.45	78.37	107.23	128.94
2008	121.18	140.13	90.03	114.85	78.43	109.58	121.11
2009	123.28	141.72	90.56	109.49	89.35	113.26	125.52
2010	125.31	151.39	99.02	118.87	87.31	112.53	136.98
2011	121.95	163.11	99.71	120.02	85.03	113.32	139.49
2012	122.84	193.10	80.66	132.53	89.12	114.69	143.93
2013	124.99	179.90	85.30	132.50	95.50	115.92	146.90
2014	124.92	182.66	85.98	139.68	101.37	115.91	150.56
2015	121.91	207.33	87.01	137.52	100.33	112.38	156.69
2016	124.32	215.56	90.17	137.67	101.26	109.98	163.21
2017	124.42	203.30	97.36	137.38	102.00	110.12	164.25
2018	124.79	196.80	99.83	140.58	106.95	112.38	159.29
2019	125.68	205.11	96.95	138.63	113.80	113.45	167.85

[i] Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

Table 5.

The coefficient of variation for costs of machinery and building upkeep (%)

Ve	Fieldcrops	Horticulture	Other permanent crops	Dairy cows	Other grazing livestock	Granivores	Mixed
2007	128.35	146.54	111.88	120.51	95.60	116.39	124.92
2008	131.46	111.69	99.36	116.87	90.31	110.59	121.01
2009	127.71	132.80	105.56	95.70	91.83	110.33	114.58
2010	117.89	138.86	92.97	123.03	110.79	114.24	118.18
2011	123.94	124.02	125.87	115.32	101.76	139.48	129.07
2012	135.08	119.16	104.47	134.44	102.43	99.18	152.94
2013	221.62	167.14	106.21	114.50	106.93	116.67	136.56
2014	119.10	129.27	111.67	130.01	131.14	111.68	125.32
2015	122.14	128.15	204.95	131.57	113.24	141.51	137.91
2016	109.64	142.64	122.93	119.36	103.48	111.10	125.70
2017	116.40	135.51	147.23	116.11	105.66	120.20	166.85
2018	118.21	111.25	141.26	124.77	120.30	106.36	131.37
2019	122.21	147.97	130.33	124.23	122.21	115.58	168.38

[i] Source: own elaboration based on FADN, n = 3244.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2025.4.00030r2 | Journal eISSN: 1899-5772 | Journal ISSN: 1899-5241

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Language: English

Page range: 384 - 395

Accepted on: Oct 4, 2025

Published on: Dec 31, 2025

Published by: Poznań University of Life Science

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

investments,

farms,

FADN

Related subjects:

Business and economics,

Political economics,

Political economics, other,

Business management,

Business management, other,

Life sciences,

Life sciences, other,

Social sciences,

Political science,

Political science, other

© 2025 Jagoda Zmyślona, Julia Barczak, published by Poznań University of Life Science
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 78 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)

Variability in Levels of Investment, Investment Subsidies, and Costs in Polish Farms Depending on the Type of Agricultural Production

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

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